Human Relations Essay

electric razor development refers to an individuals progress from birth to adulthood. there atomic number 18 several changes that occur in a normal persons life span-physical, cognitive and psychosocial (Fitch, 1999, p. 9). The three form the domains of child development. fleshly development refers to the changes that occur in the individuals body, such as height, weight, sensory and motor abilities, as well as the hormonal changes (p. 9). On the other hand, cognitive development alludes to the intellectual changes that occur as children develop (p. 9). As children grow, they start to develop attitudes about themselves and their surroundings.As they continue to search for their identity, their psychosocial development besides unfolds. on that point argon different theories that tackle child development. Stage theories are theories that concentrate on developmental levels that are quantitatively different from other levels (p. 40). Quantitative, in this sense, means that each de velopmental level is a progression, an integration of previous sort and information (p. 40). Furthermore, the progression from one coiffe to another is discontinuous, indicating that it follows a dogged sequence (pp. 40-41).Theorists who subscribe the stage theories of child development believe that all stages are universal (p. 41). There are three major theorists in child development Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Sigmund Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis (Thornton, 2006). psychoanalysis is a technique developed by Freud that is used to uncover the unconscious (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 15). A medical mendelevium by profession, Freud was particularly interested in the central nervous system (p. 14). In his life of work, he found that most diseases are psychological in nature, rather than physiological.Thus, he came to the conclusion that human behavior is driven by the unconscious instincts (p. 446). He believed that the unconscious instincts are vital in an individuals survival. Moreover, he accentuated the importance of informal instincts as the most important element in personality development. Personality, harmonize to Freud, is developed around three structures the id, the ego, and the superego (Fitch, 1999, p. 41). The id is guided by the pleasure principles, ego, the reality principle, and superego, the moral principle (p. 41).These structures are crucial in Freuds theory of psycho familiar development, or his perceptive on child development. There are five stages in Freuds Psycho familiar Theory, each stage involving some levels of versed energy. gibe to Freud, as children go through each stage, their personality is being developed. However, when a child undergoes traumatic experiences, the sexual energy that should have been at that particular stage may be affected, resulting in what Freud termed as regress (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). Fixation may later expire to immaturity and certain personality traits.I n the oral stage (birth to 18 months), the babes focus of gratification is the mouth (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). During this stage, the infants id is dominant, especially because the infant has yet to differentiate the self and the environment (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The infant obtains oral pleasure by sucking, chewing and prickly (Morris and, p. 448). Infants who receive too much pleasure leave grow into optimistic adults those who receive little will turn into hostile adults (p. 448).During the anal stage (18 months to 3 ? ears), the childs primary source of sexual pleasure is the anus (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, the childs ego is starting to differentiate from his/ her id and the child starts to establish liberty (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The child starts to learn elimination and he/ she derives sexual pleasure from holding in and expelling throne (p. 448). This is also the time when toilet training begins. Strict toilet training ma y result in children throwing tantrums, which according to Freud will lead them into self-destructive adults (p. 448).The third stage- phallic stage, occurs after the child reaches three eld of age (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, both boys and girls seek pleasure from manipulating their genitals (p. 448). Interestingly, children become sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 48). Freud calls this the Oedipus and Electra difficult (p. 448). The former refers to the Greek mythological character that kills his father and marries his mother (p. 448). The latter refers to the somewhat possessive heat that girls display toward their father while feeling jealous of their mothers (p. 48).The childs superego is also starting to event control, as the child starts to take notice of his/ her parents values as well as that of the society. Fixation in this stage may lead to vanity and egotism in later life. Or it may lead to the opposite, wherein the individual becomes withdrawn, shy and has low self-esteem (p. 448). When the child reaches 6 up until he/she reaches puberty, the child goes into a latency stage. During this period, sexual development is at a standstill (Larsen and Buss, 2002, p. 51).The child loses interest in sexual behavior and instead begins focusing on learning skills that will help him/her become responsible citizens in the society (p. 510. ). At puberty, the child reaches the genital stage. It is during this stage wherein sexual tension builds up. It is a period of sexual maturity. The genital stage is the final stage in sexual development and it is in this stage where adolescents and adults are able to actualize unfilled desires from infancy and childhood (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). It is the time when mature sexual relationships are established.