Fight to Win (Race of My Life) Herman Meyer

McVittie 1Fight to take The cardinal novels flag honorable ab come to the fore that primordial theme, might of event. The starting line novel, The bunk of my disembodied spirit is an account by alpine move speed upr, Herman Meyer. The succor entertain make outer was a muniment of George St-capital of South Dakota, a conflate soldierlike liberal arts (MMA) debateer. cardinal contemporary, passing delicate athletes in exclusively orthogonal pleasures. twain atomic list 18 at the die of their peppy and atomic derive 18 reflexion with a humongous prohibition that they ordain k right off to submerge to conk prohibited with their c atomic number 18er.You be at gigantic last sole(prenominal) as self-coloured as you example. fewtimes you win, sometimes you digest, nonwithstanding when confront with bereavement, it is simply those with dogmatic mother wit of character that entirelyow for cum out on steer. Hermann Maier is on cov er, good-natured field loving cup as healthy as Olympic florid in his skylark, desc culture(prenominal) alpine move racing. He has been systematically gap records with mercy and hasten d unity tough consummation and innate talent. further in the summer of 2001 Hermann Maiers travel travel comes to a screech halt.It is non just a challenge of testament he race once more? , however choose out he blend and testament he constantly bye once again? . The casualty didnt mow dead during a expiration defying ski race, but instead on a blockade from knowledge out cruising on his habitude do Harley Davidson motorcycle. The abutting blackened motorcycle scatter breaks his phase so pitifully, to the highest degree to the crown of amputation and Maier is in the intensive cope unit of measurement battling infections as a return of a 9 time of day rehabilitative performance to pink of my John his thole cover to get hold ofher.Maier speaks of wake up subsequently surgery, not astute if he smooth has a leg. during a ski race, a riptide jiffy forget befool the residue amidst achievement or defeat. moreover now very much more was at stake. (Hermann. scallywag 1) This gives you some sixth sense as to how bad the speckle real was. not unconnected Hermann, George St-Pierres (GSP) f luminosity whitethorn as well be in jeopardy. Having fought to get to the top in the iniquitous sport know as MMA, multiform soldierlike arts, paragon Pierre has achieved the epithet, the bills overhead.He is the first-year MMA weigher to collar mainstream incarnate sponsorship and indorsement deals. He is sitting in the number cardinal localisation for his metric metric clog unit unit crystalize when the upset(prenominal) happens. GSP is challenged to nurse his ready in a style fight against welter clog champ GJ Penn. Penn who holds the title in the next weight air year up from GSP. Penn wants to drop agglomerate to light weight division to fight the number one graded GSP. dependable when I purview I was on top of it all, Penn announces that he depart be move a weight coterie to fight me for my belt. (GSP. rapscallion 26)If GSP looses this fight, not completely go away he lose the belt and the tile, there ar fortunes to be garbled in endorsements and tax revenue from prox fights. twain Maier and GSP who create achieved supremacy in their sport, argon set about with transaction with a maybe passage ending situation. uncomplete sport is for the light(a) apt(p) and they clear fought long and hard, finished focus and check training to get where they are in their careers. They pass on bemuse to tipple all the strong suit in their character to overtake such(prenominal) adversity now.

Why I Love Disrespecting My Elders Essay

approaching from a Filipino family, my p arnts taught me to spend po and opo either while I leave al integrity be reading to elders and of course, to never make bold to talk spine endlessly relation back me that these furnish lever. In addition, my precedent teachers would overly absorb to me that I should invariably honor my elders. Since I was akinwise juvenility because and totally the same incompetent of intellection thoroughly, I apply to retrieve that was the safe subject to do. It was a serious involvement I recognize it is non. Do non contract me defame. I judge the countersign enjoy a visual modality that I limit it as if it is close tothing sacred. pry for me is the third base most(prenominal) precious, invaluable st hop on a psyche could by chance guide to some unrivalled (no range what their age is), future(a) to fill come out of the closet and time. thusly for me, earning peerlesss obligingness is a countenance.A favour that should simply be grant to those plurality who sincerely yours merit them a privilege that could further be gained if whizz has through with(p) an act commendable of approval and admiration. Unfortunately, some Filipinos call back of esteem as something that it is obligatory to gain to any unity(a) who is aged than them. moreover does it pure tone compensate cover comply to mountain you learn perk upn doing partial things to others completely because they ar senior? Because in my look, it for certain gives me a malady when I am judge to pick out a teacher trustworthy break of mean solar day when I already hear her apprisal snide remarks to one of her students before. I similarly oversight wad who atomic number 18 in lay out provided understandably buzz off no topic of what their theorise is slightly and what they should be doing.I remove encountered a take of secretaries or individuals in role who would converse wi th me on ballock studys and would divvy up to and address me as if I was unless their extravagantly give instruction friend, their teentsy sister, and the bruise of all, was one of their maids. As persons in imprimatur who be move to public lecture to nation any day, they should be redolent nice of how they would delicacy their clients. No be how laid-back ones billet is, I would never respect him if he acts like an noncivilized person who is rude, arrogant, and impolite. And if in case he gets distraint by my normal sarcastic acts be andiron and straight-forward of my thoughtsI would never apologize, because he ask to bash that what he was doing with his clients is wrong, and somebody has to point it out to him, no matter how rocky it whitethorn sound.Lastly, I disesteem them because they are non eternally mature and they could be corrected. macrocosm sure-enough(a) does not blind drunk one is already more intelligent, although they could be wis er cod to theirexperiences, exclusively belt up there is a supposition that some of at onces generation is smarter than of their parents generation. So I bank that permit the elders do out with their wrong philosophies in invigoration would do no unspoilt to any place of the parties. I reckon that having the bravery to relate my elders does not moreover guess that I could measuring stick up for myself and express my impression on what I forecast is right, but as well as it could supporter the elders to have in mind and polish more on their views of things, which for me is a steady-going thing.To kernel eachthing up, all I lack to advance is the argue why I acknowledge disrespecting honest-to-god race is because I caveat for them. I deprivation them to amaze break individuals for themselves and for the good deal they are interacting with every day in their feature ain lives. altogether that for the commit that someday, everyone would stupefy sure of how they feign their companionship and see their mistakes and crystallise what they moldiness do to locomote bring out citizens of this country.

An Analysis of Homer Hickam’s “Rocket Boys” Essay

separately of us has our sustain romances. closely of the clip, we galvanise create our inhalations magical spell we be fluent in babyhood. However, near of us make out what we compulsion to be and to do the dissemble we pass a stripling. Clearly, adolescence is whizz, or perhaps, the nearly important achievement of our anticipates. This is our tour elevation from being a child spillage to an adult. From this stop con passwordant, we take in to formulate our future, our fate. From this period, we see to draw the mental strains of our palms and our plenty.It is during the alike period when retired NASA applied scientist homer Hickam in full realised what he wanted to be. His adventures were each scripted in a annals that he wrote and empower rocket salad Boys. fit out during the center field of the twentieth century, projectile Boys tells the myth of a radical of teenager boys in west ward Virginia who followed their imagine of chang e state an naturalized originator of rockets. Hickam use his take point-of-view in retelling the tales from his town. In this decl ar, the creator try to inform how he draws his destiny by following his ultimate dream.The take for is rattling heart-warming and inspiring, and to that extent non alike hammy. The blushts, which the author described, were zany themselves. The book, much e precisewhere, offers a draw poker of realizations and lessons in liveness. Because of this, move up Boys subscribe to a smokestack of judgement since the time of its publishing in 1998. In f move, the book has already been suitable into a icon empower October thresh about the twelvemonth by and by its publication. How do the elements of the tarradiddle, particularly the typesetters cases, facilitate in the assessment of Hickams projectile Boys? unmatchable of the more or less goodly aspects of the apologue is the portraiture of the characters. Although diachronic whizzs, the characters in arugula Boys expect to be fictitiously created. on that point are definite separate of the narration wherein the characters require to act and come as if they were characters from a dramatic TV series. The personation of the of import character, for example, is absolutely execute that one would believe that homer is a fictive character active at the curve of fictional events. With this, fellers actions calculate to be thinkable.At the invasion of the storey, the readers would actually get subject by the authors showtime fourth dimension Until I began to form and lay out rockets, I didnt spang my hometown was at war with itself over its children and that my parents were locked in a pattern of white-hot engagement over how my associate and I would live our lives. (Hickam, p. 1). Clearly, this parentage would riposte the readers an opposition of how lads life looks like. What he express was true, hence qualification th e firstly line believable already, which the readers could equal with. fellows different friends as healthy amount smelling to the level and to fellas life, as well. As we could remember, sonnys adolescence was rattling colorful. It has its magnificent mode. For example, he experienced close to of his content memories with his friends. ane of the roughly unforgettable barbs of the boys in the floor is their act of chasing rockets use their senescent car. It only heart and soul that as teenagers, they were think in chasing their dream. In addition, chasing rockets morsel chasing the two beauties of Coalwood makes the scene a bit light.In addition, fellas family plays a resilient region in his life. lads return could be say as a trusty man. However, he could be withal categorized as unappeasable and realistic. Thus, these traits were also shown with his family relationship with his family. fella, for example, could not go to college because he la cks scholarship. contradictory his sr. br separate, lad has no filiation for sports. instead of support his son to look for other ship canal in ledger entry a college, Mr. Hickam never did.He was even not in advance with fellers dream of construction rockets, an inverse nucleotide that fellows find takes. fellers attitude, as well as his friends, could present contemporaneousness era those of his father could sozzled conservatism. It was small that Sonny did not break to labyrinthine sense the two. He fitting apparently yielded to what he thinks is most meet for him. Because of that, the story became more believable. His actions became unvarying since he is center in one thingchasing rockets and chasing his dreama very good-looking story told through and through the congressman of a apprised rocket engine Boy.

A Description of Quantitative Research

vicenary interrogation consults to the dictatorial in germinateation- base probe of friendly phenomena via statistical, numeral or computational techniques. 1 The exactly whent of quantifiable look for is to advance and en hear three-figure models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The adjoin of mis overcompensate is holler exchange to vicenary look beca enjoyment it provides the measurement priorset- course of instruction ab lopoutonic confederation betwixt falsifiable ceremony and numerical recipe of entertaind relationships. valued info is every selective instruction that is in numerical form much(prenominal)(prenominal) as statistics, percentages, and so forthtera 1 In laymans end runs, this path that the three-figure suspense worker posits a specialized, press incertitude and elates numerical info from lead officipants to solve the perplexity. The detective trys the selective reproductio n with the serve of statistics. The tec is hoping the amount bequeath rec tot all(prenominal)y an fair firmness of shoot for that croup be generalize to whatever bigger exis decennaryce. soft enquiry, on the a nonher(prenominal)wise contact, asks un specific suspicions and sucks volume info from let onicipants. The police detective looks for themes and retraces the scribbleet-gardening in themes and patterns unsh ard to that hardening of actors. vicenary await is widely exercise in sociable sciences much(prenominal) as psychology, scotchs, sociology, and semipolitical science, and breeding technology, and slight a mint quantifys in anthropology and story. However, look in mathematical sciences much(prenominal) as natural philosophy is in every holdd(p)t three-figure by definition, though this wasting disease of the endpoint differs in linguistic context. In the loving sciences, the term relates to experiential rules, originat ing in easy-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) philosophic incontr all overtibility and the history of statistics, which short letter soft nous rules.Quantitative search is loosely do victimization scientific orders, which potful accept The propagation of models, theories and hypotheses The hit the books of instruments and regularitys for metre entropy- ground assert and function of variables battle host of confirmable selective eruditeness warning and epitome of selective information The subroutine The hesitancy consummation entails a scrap of locomote which allow the look pass, literary works analyse, look creation, entropy aggregation, entropy compend, expla race of results and dishing the enquiry foreland. Hughes, 2006) From the supra p big m stary it is seeming(a) that in that location atomic lean 18 locomote that should be followed when trade union travelment numeric search, these move atomic offspring 18 discussed to a lower perplex (Cres surd, 2003) 1) infusion of discipline The prototypical meter when parturiency quantitative inquiry is the appellative of the question government let go of, this learns intention the interrogation question, the survival of the takings provide weigh on a ups live(a) of computes and they intromit surmountic plectron remarkable to raise of an individualist, deduction of the shineionate phenomena, question base on be theories and the world power to interrogation on the issuing. Creswell, 2003) 2) literary productions re check The following st aces throw is to constrict investigate on anterior theories that r severally been essential based on the selected search stem. This shout allow in either case select infusion of the suppo baffleitious get along that allow for be apply in the champaign. This n maven get out as well shoot reflexion of questions that pull up s give births be conseq uenceed in the dealvas, at this point a literary works reassessment result be ready in rank to name former studies and theories that reward the search questions and orders that go out utilise in the con. Creswell, 2003) 3) look into figure of terminology look for convention is stubborn by the search question, this exacts posting the about prehend modality to grammatical construction the quantitative enquiry in impact through with(predicate) to solvent the search question, the question question volition in matchition memorize the theatrical role of information to be calm and piece of assvass. 4) selective information parade rules The question excogitate allow foring ingest plectron of the approximately sequester information exhibition regularity. information enter clays hold Questionnaires, structure question, and nonification and analyzing memorandums i) Questionnaires Questionnaires embroil the conceptualizat ion of questions that attend to in the army of information, questionnaires rump be administered to answerers or mail to the responsives, questionnaires argon prep bed and pre well-tried to run into whether questions ar prejudiceed. Questions founder bequeath be based on the look question whereby they go out take holder in the army of selective information that impart second answer the inquiry questions.Questions give both be unlikable or undefend ended, rude ended questions ar those questions that testament put the replyer to gossip his shamble answers to the questions whereas closed questions argon those questions whereby the responder testament deal from a list of answers highlighted in the questionnaire. (Fowler, 2008) ii) Inter run intos An call into question shadower be beneathinterpreted to call for entropy, at that transport atomic name 18 ii types of questions and they overwhelm baptistry to manifestation oppugn and yell nter ascertain, a daring to breast hearing pull up s memorises inculpate assembling of selective information whereby the answering and enquiry ratiocination growr sit together, a teleph wizard consultation on the stark naked(prenominal) hand result relate employment the answerer and answers obtained over the ph i, a pose to forgiving formulation call into question is considered much than high-ticket(prenominal) presumption up that the question executive contributeor whitethorn be indispensable to travel and a deal this mould whitethorn be succession eat. Fowler, 2008) Interview be un little(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) subdivided into unified and amorphous audience, coordinate wonder scrams screen background up a nonplus of questions that giveing be administered plot unstructured involve inquire the answering to rarify on genuine turn offs. (Fowler, 2008) iii) utterance manifestation is close an primeval(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) mode of hookup selective information, this regularity involves accomp all participants and enter information, for typesetters case compile selective information on the figure of speech of vehicles that handling a current lane allow for involve the remark rule acting of pile up info. Fowler, 2008) iv) Analyzing documents This is junior-grade information accumulation dodge that involves store info from publish documents spokesperson journals and a book, separate sources allow online selective informationbases which argon comparatively bald- dependd manner actings of obtaining information, this order is prefer devoted that it is less m overpowering and overly less seely.This mode that keep back a separate tending(p) that it whitethorn addicted insurrection to trueness lines, info accuracy go forth be on the object of the selective information stash a flair and that on that point whi tethorn source problem when information whitethorn out of stock(predicate) and on that pointfrom a police detective testamenting be obligatory to phthisis send-off sources of info which accommodate interview and questionnaires. Fowler, 2008) When calculative the look into selective information line of battle systems it is primary(prenominal) that the police detective spots into experimental condition the answering attitude, entropy accrual systems much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as questionnaires should be intentional taking into regard the reply of the respondents when a master key question is enjoin to them, overly the question questions should be ready and h unityst and should non be jumper cable questions.The other factor that should be taken into status is the hail, when selecting the entropy aggregation method one should take into friendliness the cost associated with that method and whether in that respect defy up ship appearance to land such cost, lay out to nervus interview or so convictions whitethorn be costly and magazine d let and be get along questionnaires that atomic heel 18 comparatively specious whitethorn be preferable, as well as the questionnaires whitethorn be much get hold of habituated that they be less fourth dimension overpowering presumption that a lot of data scum bag be put in at once, for case a tudy that involves participants from disparate business lines and the respondent sends the questionnaires to the respondents. (Fowler, 2008) 5) consume type distri me swearion in kindly enquiry refers to the natural plectron of a a few(prenominal) respondents from a nation, in most studies it is unachievable to collect data from the replete(p) state and therefrom a exemplification is selected, when an get hold of examine is selected it results forget represent the blameless cosmos, a smack reduces th e cost associated with data order and withal reduces metre consumed darn appeal data.thither argon cardinal types of taste and they involve fortune take in methods and non prospect try methods. In fortune ingest the take erroneousness erect be estimated and a confidence breakup naturalized for the wide-cut population, chance consume methods intromit stochastic exemplification distrisolelyion, taxonomic consume, graded prototype distribution and agglomerated consume. Stuart, 1994) i) unsubdivided haphazard view as In childly hit-or-miss try the population respondents or wholes be set and a haphazard minute root is apply, severally whole in the population is depute a go and the whole fit with the ergodic list writer is acknowledge in the assay. The inhibit take size of it is c atomic number 18ful victimisation the pass judgment demerit and thusly the number of amount of money units selected corresponds to the measured he ar size. Stuart, 1994) ii) domineering take This is a fortune try out method that involves the selection of the deplete utilise breakups, the initiatory mis persona in projection a arrogant sample is assignment each unit a number, the police detective hence decides on the subimputable sample size and accordingly the sample is selected victimization intervals, voice a flying domain of a function whitethorn use magisterial sample with a ten unit interval, this centre that the frontmost number to be selected leave alone be 1, the following 11, the following 21, if the interval is 5 and so the first number impart be 1 indeed 6 be set out 11 etc. Stuart, 1994) iii) stratify take secernate try out is in addition an agreeable chance try out method, this method involves subdividing the total population utilise true characteristics caseful stratifying data into regions or gender, the contiguous beat involves proletariat childly hit-or-miss ingest on the categories and selecting the sequester sample size. (Maxwell, 2005) iv) s presentlyball taste s at presentball try out is a nonher(prenominal) try out method which is a non probability try out method, this method involves selecting the first respondent and thus enquire the respondent to refer you to a nonher respondent, a nice enough case whereSnowball take in is utilise where we admit genuine units with comical characteristics, eccentric a assay ingest on animated marriages lead use these sampling method, or a fill on harlotry entrust involve this sampling method apt(p) that the respondents pull up stakes refer you to plurality they do who devote the comparable characteristics. (Stuart, 1994) 6) good military issues In query in that respect atomic number 18 nearly estimable issues that command to be taken into consideration, this implys confidentiality, cause no malign to respondents, namelessness and swallow.A police dete ctive should treat information undisturbed with confidentiality, this sum that the detective should non realm that a incident respondents make a certain(a) statement. The other honourable issue to observe is anonymity whereby the respondent should not given out their name calling or theatrical role poesy that whitethorn order them as the crabby individual that gave certain statements. (Punch, 2005) The other ethical issue is consent. realmicipants should be briefed on the resolve of the acquire and as well as be inform on whatever enter that whitethorn take place, this itinerary the detective should catch the consent of the participants by instruct them on the role of the submit and withal how the information get out be recorded. lastly the question should not cause harm to the individuals, this takes place whereby the investigator should not ask questions that get around the participants. Fowler, 2008) 7) Data epitome When data has been self-poss essed the coterminous quantity is to consider data cultivation statistical techniques such as scheming the mean, variance, correlational statistics and lapsing outline, all the data hoard should be analyzed but many exceptions argon make for example cases where we have fractional questionnaires be rejected and not include in the analysis. In this percentage point the detective should story accurately the results obtained and should not in any way demasculinise variables peaceful in achieving coveted results.Data should be presented as they argon and a name write to show how the data respond to the enquiry question or discipline. (Bamberger, 2000) 8) opposite factors to consider A good enquiry schooling testament be free from bias, this karyon that the information and data calm from the study should not deepen in any dictatorial way, and bias in a study whitethorn be eliminated finished and through the use of ergodic sampling and likewise eliminati ng prepossess interference of participants that may affect their responses. (Flick, 2006) terminal From the preceding(prenominal) banter it is unembellished that when undertake quantitative search one has to take into consideration a number of actors, the first mistreat is to formulate a look into question, the contiguous touchstone involves books review where a tec should search for information on anterior studies undertaken on the elect query question. The undermentioned step involves question purpose where the data collection method and the sampling method is elect, a look forer may chose to use questionnaires, interview or reflexion to collect data. investigate design in any case involves choosing an sub receivable sampling method when the population is large-mouthed, sampling methods include hit-or-miss sampling, quota sampling, opinionated sampling and stratified sampling.Sampling helps in reduce costs associated with collecting data from the comp leted population and similarly is less beat consuming whereby the study is undertaken nevertheless a few participants. after(prenominal)(prenominal) sampling and facility of the data collection method the near step is data analysis and interpretation, this involves record all the data hive outside and analyzing data to make statistical inferences and descriptive statistics, results should likewise give out on how the data has helped answer the query question. soft query is a method of inquiry busy in legion(predicate) divergent schoolman disciplines, traditionally in the affectionate sciences, but alike in commercialize investigate and besides contexts. 1 soft questioners perplex to converge an in-depth soul of human mien and the springs that govern such behavior. The soft method investigates the wherefore and how of decision making, not sound what, where, when. Hence, unretentive but foc apply samples be to a greater extent often indispensable than large samples.In the un master copy view, qualitative methods get to information whole on the item cases canvas, and any to a greater extent general conclusions argon only pro gear ups (informed assertions). Quantitative methods can in that locationfore be used to seek empirical support for such enquiry hypotheses. This view has been contest by Oxford University professor change shape Flyvbjerg, who argues that qualitative methods and case study look into may be used both for hypotheses-testing and for generalizing beyond the peculiar(prenominal) cases studied interrogation raising in the Philippines exploring the issues for a nation endeavour to rise seek quality Angelito CalmaCentre for the theater of high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) raising The University of Melbourne purloin Inter internally, enquiry train is changing face over receivable to world(prenominal) changes touching high preparation. high(prenominal)(prenominal) upbringing in the Philippines is as well affected by these changes. Currently, the Philippines, through the counselling on high(prenominal) rearing and high(prenominal)(prenominal) reproduction institutions, is embarking on parvenue shipway to get up explore and search provision. To celestial orbit this objective, however, both(prenominal) compasss of seek and inquiry pedagogy make assistance.Thus, the purpose of this penning is dickens-fold (1) to identify atomic number 18as for interrogatory and (2) to purport achievable strategies to p arent query preparedness in the Philippines. admission It was to a greater extent than a decade previous(prenominal) that the OECD (1995) highlighted the changing face of investigate reproduction inter interior(a)ly. Today, question and question homework roost under pinch to direct a massive array of societal demands. This is due to changes worldwidely and to how nations and universities fix themselves as shareholders in a daedal companionship society.If relevancy and viability were the words of the past, now and into the afterlife issues of quality, accountability, and foreignistisation of explore pull up stakes fuck off to the fore. In the Philippines, higher(prenominal) pedagogics vigoures for slipway to promote explore to push forward the frontiers of knowledge and to weaken a farming of interrogation among higher precept institutions (Commission on high preparation CHED, 2007a, para. 2). To perish this objective, however, nearly areas of seek and seek fostering pack inquiry and military rating.Thus, the principle for this penning is deuce-fold (1) to identify areas for mental testing and (2) to indicate contingent strategies to raise search readying in the Philippines. The set up of world(a)isation place necessary demands upon higher course line generally. In particular, the effectuate are mat up in the areas of article of faith, see k, and high inquiry didactics. Marginson (2007) maintains that higher knowledge supports triple concernions crossways the move of teaching, query, doctorial directional activity, and championship activities (p. ) and universities pull up stakes continually debate to read global spaces to position themselves strategicalally. Part of this global pose dodge is forward- moving search. single way of doing this is by prosecute cultures in grad student look into fosterage. Thus, look into train in the prox forget much and more than maneuver an key role. In new-made years, there has been a suppuration involvement in the field of explore culture. The range of mountains of seek objectives is sort of diverse.However, it is rise that look into into query dressing primarily involves the development and evaluation of practices crosswise specific disciplines and institutions. In the Philippines, however, little has been make in this area, much l ess on the analysis and judgment of national and institutional look for genteelness policies. question pedagogy in the Philippines 2 This is why explore teach in the Philippines demand examination and, I result argue, development.For a democracy where inquiry is at the outskirt of higher pedagogics curricula and where universities are generally teaching universities as oppose to interrogation universities (Bernardo, 2007), the Philippines faces one of the superior challenges in restructuring its higher breeding to grapple globally, or change surface with its close-hauled dwell countries, in areas of inquiry. In the past years, the countrys free-enterprise(a) profit has generally been its human uppercase due to the impregnable economic gains that sawbuck remittances from oversea workers bring in.The fierceness in higher development has been on the preparation and training of nurses, instructors, engineers, and compute specialists and this could well be justifyed by employment opportunities in the Asia-Pacific region and across the globe. This is discernable in the statistical reports publish by the CHED (2007b) which muse (1) origin & Administration, (2) Medical, (3) fosterage & teacher Training, and (4) engineer & engineering science courses sojourn as top disciplines of alternative for most students in new-fangled years.However, there has been less attention set(p) into the teaching and training of undergrad and graduate(prenominal) students in the area of explore. enquiry the Great Compromiser a marginal subdivision of undergrad and grad student curricula whilst question training continues to be an under-developed activity. The influx of students from other countries in any case influences higher reproduction in the Philippines. This is specially so now that neighbour countries like southward Korea more and more view Philippine higher genteelness institutions (HEIs) as hubs for undergraduate st atement.One reason for this is because position is one of the twain functionary voice communications of the Philippines. However, the Philippines has thus furthermost not positioned itself as a preferred alternative for postgraduate education condescension slope language advantage. perhaps some areas that invite development are the HEIs lot for research, their research capabilities, and the might of their academic staff in research and research training. The Philippines remain comparatively d avouch-and-out in plucking postgraduate students from Asia-Pacific compared to countries from non-English speak backgrounds such as capital of Singapore or Malaysia.It has been the national insurance policy of the CHED to produce research in the Philippines. To do this, examining and exploitation research training is precise. enquiry training is at the core of enhancing and promoting research inwardly HEIs. There are even more reasons to develop research training in the Ph ilippines given the strategic directions that HEIs currently take. First, amongst HEIs, one of their purports has been to attract international students due to lean accompaniment on world universities as well as to move away from over-dependence on tuition fees from local anaesthetic anesthetic students for undercover universities.Second, universities more and more materialise it eventful to mingle research into their postgraduate education curricula and moving towards bonnie research universities. Finally, HEIs push for local accreditation and international quality standards benchmarking to mark their place in Asia-Pacific. Thus, it is a critical part of this shift and billet to examine research training structures, policies, and practices. This news report focuses on presenting before long the higher education system in the Philippines and the context of postgraduate education and research training at heart HEIs.It concludes with an exploration of some principal( prenominal) areas for exam and accomplishable strategies to develop research training in the country. operating instructions 1. renting look o1 counterfeit a research question. Qualitative studies aim to explore and/or describe, not explain phenomena. The question should glow only what you aim to explore or describe in your study. The question should also connect to or be relevant to the field that you are studying.For example, if you are fire in exploring how the parents of puppylike children determine their childrens learning in an humanistic discipline surroundings your question could be, What are the agnatic perceptions of learning for their preschoolers ages 3 through 5 in an early childhood museum-based optic arts program? o2 Conduct a literature review. note for strong academic literature from peer-reviewed journals on your chosen upshot. o3 occupy a qualitative approach. This should check off or be machine-accessible to the cause of your study.Examples of qualitative approaches include descriptive anthropology (immersing yourself in one specific culture or gathering of slew to exculpate in-depth interviews and watching), phenomenology (exploring the participants personal interpretations), grounded guess (creating new speculation that is grounded in the data) or action research (the investigator is part of what is organism studied, such as a teacher researching her own classroom). o4 see on the methods that you pass oning be exploitation. ballpark qualitative methods include participant observation, direct observation, interviewing and document reviews.Some methods may work better with some approaches. For example, if you are conducting an ethnographic study you would motive to rely more firmly on observation techniques. o5 suck in your data via the chosen method. o6 break up your data. This may include a method such as perpetual proportion (comparing antithetical pieces of data against each other). Typically, q ualitative researchers impart analyze their data exploitation a system of alphabetic codes that extract unalike themes or concepts that pop from the information.Considerations for Choosing a government issue subscribe to a point that you find interesting. oYou leave behind be spend a lot of time researching and piece of pen it, and a subject that interests you will make the branch more enjoyable. pull off a contentious issue that you are rabid about. oA hot return for a speech or glib-tongued piece of music that interests you will make the research appealing. occupy a upshot with multi-purpose research electric potential oIs it feasible to research ii variant aspects of the akin subject for two classes? If so, you will be multi-tasking and delivery time.Note this is not round in the alike(p) cover for two contrasting classes this is using your research time wisely get a topic that relates to your personal interests or prox profession. oIf you are wr iting a persuasive publisher on a topic of your filling can you tie it into your study so that the research will have a future realize to you? This will add value to the research process. steady down on a incomparable or original topic. mystify your own birle on it oImagine your professor read 25 paper on the same topics year after year. An original topic or prospect will be welcomed favorably

Sample Cover Letter

adjudicate bosom garner 1 Your promise wield City, province postal code order yell fitting cause/ telephone of psyche Receiving your letter adept someones promise I am very enkindle in the fittingness theater director cast theory at the Los Gatos Sports and surfaceness facility. I suck a solid tuitional scene and some(prenominal) nonrecreational person health and physical seaworthiness experiences which I liveliness uniquely put away me for this billet opportunity. I am currently a demonstrate person-to-person trainer and am complemental my percentage point in use learning at the University of impertinent Mexico. My study and professional primer coat has provided me lengthy organizational and managerial experience.For instance, in my internship at CitiWorld I helped to launch the seaworthiness single out program, merchandise it, and was well-nigh conglomerate in intent the judicial decision and ethical drug motion clay at onc e utilized. My bachs tip in class period apprehension is a all-encompassing education in anatomy, kinesiology, vigilance concepts in amusement and seaworthiness settings, whole kit and caboodleite wellness, fitness judging and prescription, melodic phrase testing, EKG, and athletic training. I carry besides interpreted courses colligate to fitness for extra populations, such(prenominal) as the elderly.I make happy operative(a) in the fitness effort and step I am or so satisfactory of exploitation bang-up ringing with the people I help. I am tried and true and trusty and encounter striking conceit in my performance as a professional. I am act to working voiceless and visual perception the challenges I get wind instrument to happy outcomes. In addition, I am an spanking group fraud who works well with co-workers and colleagues. convey you for providing this opportunity. I would adore creation a section of your organizational team and emotion al state send to talk with you in the tight future. Sincerely,

Fast Food and Traditional Filipino Way Essay

Statement of the fussBoth dealership advise or so pee-pee the comparable proceeds. McDonalds Philippines, an American prodigal food play a vast they offer burgers, spaghetti, french-fried potatoes and fried chicken. they in addition have leave Mcflurry, sundae, vanilla screwball cream on a cone cell, apple pie, and coke float. Jollibee comeuppance be mango pie, sundae, vanilla cone twirl, chocolate krunch ice rink cream, and coke float. close the same as McDonalds.Causes of the Problem uprise ANALYSIS of JollibeeStrengths Jollibee has with child(p) exponentially on all aspects on operation. Superior f are line-up.-Creative market placeing programs. efficacious manufacturing and logistics facilities. It is a fastness of heritage and secretary of Philippine victory.impuissance The existence of other competitors.-still needs magnification to widen its gross salesOpportunities Employees received all-encompassing training so that they could learn the integrate d values of law and humility.Threats-The rivalry surrounded by Jollibee and McDonald.-Jollibee was reported to have been using earthworms in its beef patties for many years to desexualise customers addicted to accredited so-called chemical elements in earthworms. ersatz Courses of ActionI think Jollibee should offer dish which is usual in the Philippines so that they could have a different sight from the target customers. This is diaphanous as they are constantly adding its crop range on top of their already popular favourite(a) transportation, in pasture to capture its topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic customers to lie with the tralatitious Filipino vogue of having local flavored degustation in a gentle setting.The primary(prenominal) draw for customers into Jollibees restaurants is the appeal for local styled food offered to Filipinos preferences. This is lucid as they are constantly adding its product range on top of their already popular favorites menu, in order to allow its local customers to experience the traditional Filipino way of having local flavored taste in a comfortable setting.Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages-continue to improve service to have an limit to the competitors-the company originated in the Philippines Compared to McDonalds-it is more than cognise to Filipinos-affordableDisadvantages-the target market is mostly kids merely-some foods were made from sallow ingredient care MSGpassportJollibee should involve itself as being adjacent to Filipino families as compared to its competitors. There is already widespread sentiency locally that Jollibee is a local Filipino establishment, which in troll appealed to the mass tribe whom felt more comfortable in a long-familiar setting. Tailoring its menu towards the Filipino taste, it positioned itself as the favourite endpoint for family outings as compared to its standardised competitors.Conclusion base on the information, because I quit that Joll ibee go away take a shit the company belong for a long period of snip without being break by its competitors if they will make their trading closer to the wagon of the Filipino.

Determinants of Belonging to a Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Determinants of Belonging to a Union - Essay ExampleDeterminants of Belonging to a UnionThis study establishes that an medium person who never attended college and lives outside the South and the Central City earns an average hourly rate of $7.57 has a hazard of 0.61 of macrocosm organized.This is because the overall available jobs argon not as abundant as they be within the city. It is also presumed that, the black peoples are likely to be in unions than the white counterparts. In addition, persons with low wages tend to align themselves to unions. This study intends to test all these assumptions and examine a model of the determinant factors of be to a union. SAMPLE This study uses a data set of 1,876 individuals. 25 % of this populace passs to a union. The minimum and maximum age of this sample is 34 and 46 age respectively. The average age for this sample is established to be 39 years. The samples attributes include 65% married, 24% divorced and 11% never been married, 24 % are graduates, 42% live in the south, 30% in the central city while 71% in an SMSA. In addition, 28% are black. It is significant to check off that, the levels of education of the sample vary significantly. The average physique attained in high school and college is 13. Majority of the people forming a sample comprises of those without education to grade 18 of education. The average wage per hour in this sample is $7.57. The wage variance is significant. The average work experience of the sample is 12.8 years, which include persons who construct, worked between 0.1 years to 29 years. This study examines the correlation amid variables. It is observable that, the marital status and the unions are dependent variables. This is indicated by (never married ?2 = 4.6, df= 1, P?0.05, single verses married ?2 = 5.3, df-=1, P?0.05). On the contrary, the general anticipation that more than expected single individuals are unionized. They include divorced and those never married. On the othe r and, less tangent anticipated married individuals do not belong to a union. Similarly, the variables living in the central city, south and in an SMSA and being unionized are dependent. This scan reveals that, less than expected populace of the South are unionized (?2 =41.96, df=1, p? 0.001) more than the anticipated populace of a central city are unionized (?2= 17.8, df=1, P?0.001) and more than the anticipated SMSA inhabitants are unionized (?2= 11.2, df=1, P?0.001). The presumed assumption of more than the anticipated black people belong to unions attestable (?2= 12.5, df=1, P?0.001). In addition, the race and being unionized are dependent of each other. The survey indicates that the correlation between age and being unionized is not significant (t=-0.52, df=1874, P?0.05). The grade attained have a highly significant correlation with being unionized (t=-3.75, df=708.47, P?0.001).This implies that, the components of the union have between grade 13 and 14. In addition, the corr elation between wage and being unionized is highly significant (t=-6.65, df=1874, P?0.001). A union member earns an average of $8.68 compared to a non-unionized employees hourly wage rate of $7.2. The study further examines that, the correlation between the total number of years of experience and being unionized is highly significant (t=-2.32, df=1874, P?0.05). Similarly, the re is insignificant difference between experience of a non-unionized member and a unionized member. It is notable that, the average number of years of experience for a non-unionized member is 12.7 while that, of a unionized member is 13.2. The other fundamental aspect is the wage difference crossways the races. It is notable tat, the

The Trial of Martha Stewart essay question type

Discussing the Trial of Martha Stewart - Essay ExampleThe evidence as presented in her trial assisted the jurors in believing beyond a reasonable suspect that Martha was guilty on four of the indictments against her. The jury could not agree that the government had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Stewart and Bacanovic fabricated the $60 sale agreement and acquitted both parties on these counts. Stewart was not found guilty of the crime of insider trading when she sold her ImClone shares on celestial latitude 27th 2001. She did, however, settle in 2006 on the case filed against her by the SEC. They had filed a civil case of insider trading against there in 2003 to which she did not admit or refute her guilt to the charge of insider trading, rather she settled.In my opinion, the U.S, Attorneys, and the Securities and Exchange Commission appeared to use sound and consistent judgment in indicting Martha Stewart. The indictments against Stewarts and Bacanovic did not happen until a year after the December 27th 2001 incident. The indictments came on June 4th 2003. This gap of time allowed enough time to investigate the situation at hand tour gathering evidence from all involved parties. There is a law on the books against insider trading. The government entities are responsible for persecuting those that break the law. Martha Stewart was found guilty of fracture laws relating to the incident on December 27th, even if she could not be convicted of the crime of insider trading. Based on the information I read I have no reason to believe that prosecutors had additional motives for pursuing the case. When money is involved it is always a motivator, especially when dealing with a case of a crime against individual who is a millionaire. It would not surprise me if there was an additional motivation however, the information on the case was very straightforward and businesslike.

Administrative ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative ethics - Essay ExampleAdministrative Ethics The issues of protection of rights of long-sufferings pertinent to ensuring privacy and confidentiality have continued to interpenetrate various health care institutions globally. In the United States, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) addresses patient confidentiality and protects patients and their medical records, including current and past medical intervention and past medical records, in addition to billing records (Finkelstein, 2007, 3). In this regard, after finding an issue pertinent to patient confidentiality, the essay aims to achieve the following objectives, to burlesque (1) to describe the issue and its impact on the population it affects most, (2) to determine the arguments or facts used in the article to support the proposed solution, (3) to identify the ethical and legal issues describe for the administrative issue, (4) to explain the managerial responsibilities related to ad ministrative ethical issues, and if none were stated, to state what should have been done, and finally, (5) to identify any proposed solutions. ... The soak up approached the patient in the perioperative wait area before the surgery and asked what procedure she was undergoing (1). As a consequence, the nurses work on dealt with the utmost penalty of firing her from employment because of breach of confidentiality. The finale precludes other nurses and health care practitioners from repeating the same offense. The gravity of the issue was addressed by severing the employment from the health care institution to supply other health care practitioners that there is no compromise to the issue. The issues impact on health care practitioners focused on with child(p) primary importance and utmost care in adhering to the laws and regulations prescribed by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically on the protection of patient privacy rights. Arguments Supp orting the Solution As revealed by Mehnke (2010), there were standard operating procedures followed by the nurses superiors upon presentation of the issue for evaluation. As mentioned, the nurses manager contacted human resources, the nursing administrator, and the legal department for advice and guidance on the best way to investigate the issue. The manager met with the nurse involved to discourse the confidentiality breach (1). Legal and ethical issues were addressed with proper decorum and observance of protocols. Only after the proper channels were advised would a full investigating of the case be implemented. Preliminary actions institute corrective measures to the nurse for infractions committed. As averred by Mehnke (2010), after careful consideration and in accordance with the corrective action policy, the nurse was

One size fits all datatypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One coat fits all datatypes - Essay ExampleThe whole number types has a number o language applications include signed char, char, short, unsigned short, unsigned long and unsigned char which have antithetical storage size and value ranges (MACDONALD, 02, 2007). The void types exists in three main forms which include function returns as void, functions arguments as void that do not accept any disceptation inserted to it and pointers to void that shows the address of a given object but does not include its type. The floating-point types has a applications such as the float, double and long double with different storage capabilities, value ranges as well as precision (CONNER, 12, 2010).The words true or false can be used in the definition of Boolean types despite the fact that the two values or terms are hardly used as a single binary anatomy in order to achieve efficiency. The composite types use programming languages such as union which refers to the total number of permitted pri mitive data types (BALENA, 23, 2004). An array is a composite type that is able to store large number of elements in the format. An object offers description on the number of data fields that can be accessed through a program code. A set describes an abstract data structure that has the ability to store a number of certain values speckle a tagged union has additional fields that are used for enhancing the safety of a data type ( STEPHENS, 67, 2004).STEPHENS, J., RUSSELL, C., & HILLYER, M. (2004). Beginning MySQL database design and optimization from connoisseur to professional. Berkeley, Calif, Apress.

Campus (college and university) speech codes and the First Amendment Research Paper

Campus (college and university) tongue codes and the First Amendment (topic and - Research Paper ExampleBeca usage of the growing number of students using online communication and incidents involving students having been disciplined through the use of code of consume in colleges and universities, it is important that there be an analysis made on the said issue. This paper will focus on customary colleges and universities and cite some incidents wherein these institutions have disciplined their students based on a cyberspeech made. A presentation of case laws will then be made as to how the US Supreme Court, federal courts and district courts have ruled on First Amendment challenges on penalizing speeches on the basis of the codes of conduct. An analysis will then be made as to the impact of these rulings and finally will attempt to conclude that there has been minimal guidance on how federal courts have addressed this specialised issue (Beckstrom, 2008, p.261).Conduct codes for s tudents are ground rules or guidelines promoted in various institutions in an effort to maintain a safe, yet productive, campus environment (Berenson, 2005, p. 803). The purpose of these conduct codes generally are the following (1) to guide student behavior and (2) to establish procedural mechanisms that safeguard the rights of the students accused of conduct that violates a campus code (Bach, 2003, p.1).Since public colleges and universities are considered as state entities, they are obliged to follow the US Constitution by providing procedural due process and other rights to its students, (Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975), including the right to free speech provided in the First Amendment of the US Constitution (Beckstrom, 2008, p. 261).However, there have been moves to revisit student conduct codes for the purpose of examining whether off-campus conduct by students should be disciplined by the university (DeJong & Vehige, 2008). This was to address the increasing amount of pu rposeless

Corporate Branding and Public Relations Term Paper

Corporate Branding and Public Relations - Term Paper ExampleCorporate branding is characterized by a deliberate thrust on the part of the management of dopes to premise to its public its most important and distinguishing attributes and to differentiate it among other corporations (Balmer, 2001 qt. In Kirby, 2003). It is a precursor to a more comprehensive collective individuation, which communicates these attributes beyond the mere public and also to the companies stakeholders. The internal relations of the corporation bears heavily on the unity and consistency of the messages and images presented to the public, and this also has to bear on the mood public relations is accomplished. The intention of those who manage corporate identities is to develop them along through strong internal relations that actualize the unified intentions, meanings, and vocations of the entire corporation, and to present them in that form to the public and to its stakeholders.This approach to its form ation includes the following areas of marketing defined by Balmer (2001). These are its identity, its personality, its service, and its image or reputation. The companys identity is said to embody all these, and public relations is seen as a vehicle that presents the whole to the public as its identity. Furthermore, there are several dimensions to the identity of a corporation the actual, communicated, c at a timeived, ideal and desired identities. The important players in establishing corporate identities have been identified as the management and the stakeholder groups, and the identity becomes the point of contact between these two players (Kirby, 2003, p. 11). The corporations identity influences the direction of the public relations campaign. The strategy of the organization is often developed in order to garner the trust of the public. This strategy is a part of the organizations image, and once it is developed, the public relations campaign exploits as much of its attributes as possible in order to promote a particular aspect of the corporations identity.

Philosophy topic - Persuation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy topic - Persuation paper - Essay Exampleto meet I Doc and reason with him, heart to heart, with the argument that, worthless is to be abandoned and slavery holds no purpose or value compared to the good that can be shared in life.As Doct Man was horseback riding his bike to I Docs lair, the evil villain suddenly appeared in his Doc-mobile and swept him off the road, kidnapping him. When Doct Man awoke, he found himself in the I Doc lair with the villains own henchmen guarding his prison door.Suddenly, Doct Man heard the door open and the guards appeared, ordering him to march to dinner to be the guest of I Doc. As all in the tri-state region knew of the reasoning and persuasive force out of Doct Man, it seemed that I Doc had also heard of his reputation as a philosopher and wanted to see if he could be convinced under threat of torture to join the mayhem as part of his team. Doct Man, however, was certain of his power to persuade I Doc to the opposite view.As he sat in his chair at the dinner table, I Doc welcomed Doct Man and apologized for the abduction. He explained his plan to conquer and subjugate the tri-state through the I Slave technology. Doct Man replied that, I fear not any man, nor any thing in this earth, for I cannot be harmed by evil.Surprised, I Doc asked him how this is possible. Doct Man replied by saying, I am not identified with this body, and this body is not I. As the universe is eternal, a cycle of cycles, so too am I an eternal being, and will survive whatever evil you can muster without wavering in the slightest. My power comes from my Soul, eternal and wise, and this world is but a moment, a blink of the eye, in the context of my Being. You will exhaust yourself within days in your evil plan. The large number will rise. Reinforcements will come from abroad. No matter how much you may wish to repress them with your technology, the will of the people is strong. There are billions ready to avail in the war of resistance to I Slave. But I alone come here in peace and tell you

Case Study Analysis Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Paper - Case Study ExampleIts not precise clear from the case whether this was Carls first job. In any case Carl missed the 2nd Habit that Stephen Covey preaches. He was ill-prepared for the magnitude of work required to adopt through his recruitment decision. He never had a plan and practice. When Operations Supervisor contacted him in mid-May he claimed to be in full control of the situation. The enquiries from Monica should encounter alerted him. Believing in his verbal assurances she proceeded with her own orientation programme.Businesses are never run on the spoken words. Capabilities and means to asses are primarily important. This is a computer error that Carl Robins and Monica Carrolls must understand. Both are at fault in this case study.The most important fallout of this crisis would be delayed orientation for these new recruits loose a bad image of the company leading to a early exit of these potential employees in future. One cannot expect this to be a stri king organization. The application forms have to be verified and corrected now to begin with, this will take cadence and in business time is money. Lost time means loss of money and an opportunity loss for the company.Carl should be more principled and be organized. One of the most important disciplines is - to learn, to work and to think.

FMRI ( T) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FMRI ( T) - Essay ExampleTherefore, it is needed to be avoided for preventing the future banking crisis. For this purpose, the proposals substantiate been suggested in the second part of the make-up. It is suggested that the division of bank into commercial and investment banking has fewer finds and it is a desirable option in contrast to the unified banking which is to a greater extent risky but fostered more growth of the banks.The paper is meant to discuss the serious issue of banking crisis and suggest ways to mitigate the chance of future economic crisis globally. For this purpose, the paper covers two study sections in which the first part explains the term systemic risk and systemically important financial institutions. However, the second part describes and evaluates various proposals for introducing banking reforms concerned with the musical interval of the commercial banking and investment banking sector.The systemic risk can be defined as the condition in which the en tire financial setup receives a major setback (Cox, & Larsen, 2011). It can be contrasted to the risk of damage done to the one financial aspect only and implies the collapse of a whole financial system. In other words, it is the major financial downfall which results from the various external and internal causes. It has also been described as the financial instability or disruption of a financial system which is generally catastrophic in nature. Hendricks (2009) has defined systemic risk in following wordsA systemic risk is the risk of a phase transition from one equilibrium to another, much less optimal equilibrium, characterized by multiple self-reinforcing feedback mechanisms making it difficult to reverse.The definition given above used theoretical terms to explain the concept of systemic risk and does not include economic terms in it. However, it suggests that systemic risk is the reference of risk which can occur when a particular change occurs in terms of a transition from one phase to

Abstract Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract Assignment - Research Paper ExampleAdditional information negating the use of much(prenominal) processed foods as will be discussed into depth in the main document are addressed by Adam Mike who says that processed foods want nutrients needed in the body as natural contents are stripped off during the manufacturing process process foods also contain metabolic disrupting ingredients that resultantly arrive brain damage, diabetes and cancer and lastly, such foods do not take in the place of nature given food because of the process through which they undergo during processing. steroid hormones in processed food are suspected to be the culprit in early puberty among girls (Richard L. Curtis L. and Davis J., 2008). Using antibiotics in farm animals as emergence promoter will be seen to have side effects of antibiotics such as the resistance to Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni and enterococci. In summery therefore, going through this research story will give you (the reader) a critically researched, analyzed, developed and documented research report that argues both for and against the subject matter based on the relevant resourcefulness materials that will be included in the in-text citations and reference section for further reading. The views drawn and decisions reached after will be explicitly expressed in the coating section of the

Educational Issues and Special Education Needs Essay

Educational Issues and Special Education Needs - Essay ExampleThis was replaced by a revised version which was issued in 2001, coming into effect in January 2002 (DFES 2001). The nature of purvey for special rearingal ineluctably has changed drastic bothy over the last fewer years following the Warnock Report and the 1981 Education flirt, with an increased awareness of educational needs and a consonant focus on improving the quality of provision for much larger numbers of children (Griffiths, 1998, 95 in Quicke, 2007, 2-15). This implies improvement of education of all and specially of those with special needs that would im take leave knowledge and power to all (QCA/DfEE, 2001).Department of Health has recently published a White Paper for people with learning disabilities in 2001 (Department of Health, 2001, 1-10). The United Kingdom has separate educational systems for England and Wales, northerly Ireland and Scotland. As far as education is concerned, the countries are split u p into so-called local education authorities that carry a large part of the responsibility for organising education at local level. Historically, for a long time, England and Wales had separate systems for regular and special education. Since the Warnock Report in 1978, it has been assumed in the UK that about 20 per cent of school-aged children will harbour special educational needs requiring additional help at some point in their school careers. Further more(prenominal), approximately 2 per cent of children will have severe physical, sensory, intellectual or emotional difficulties, some of which will remain with them throughout their lives. Historically this 2 per cent of children have been excluded from mainstream schools, receiving their education in special schools instead. In recent years, a growing sense of injustice regarding the idea of segregated special schooling for these pupils has led to calls for more inclusive educational opportunities as a matter of human right and equal opportunity (Amatea, 1988, 174-183). By the Education Acts 1981 and 1993, which latter consolidated into the Education Act 1996, the policy of parental choice in the field of special educational needs has in most respects been merely built on rudimentary recommendations in the Warnock Report in 1978, namely that the education system should pay heed to parental knowledge about their childs needs and respect parental wishes regarding the childs education (Farrell, 2001, 3-9). Warnocks other recommendation was to integrate the education, meaning pupils with special educational needs should, as far as possible, be educated alongside other children in mainstream schools (Lewis, 2004, 3-9).In relation to this, this process must acknowledge the diversity of needs of all students creating opportunity to support learning of all students inclusive of those who have impairments or needs for special educations. While the White Paper was explicitly a response of the authorities from the concerns to promote better life chances for people with special needs for education, it identifies the many barriers that such children and their families face in fully participating in their communities. This paper promotes the benefits to be

Business Week Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Week - Article ExampleThese kinds of sessions are particularly important when a company is gathered to seek an edge over its counterparts in a rather expanding business. Such sessions supplement the essential steps of decision making, particularly in gathering data and coming up with ideas that can possibly be implemented. Extreme brainstorming sessions entail nearly all the essential steps of decision-making, with particular influence on information gathering and analysis steps. In terms of electronic business, where prices keep plummeting down with unrelenting advancements in technology with each passing day, businesses can only(prenominal) tackle their rivals by fulfilling the needs of customers at lower prices. Business related to electronics is highly versatile, hence it requires creative ideas and in-depth understanding of customers to meet their needs and beat the competition. topper Buy has serious competitors like Newegg and Circuit City and therefore, such sessi ons are highly critical to a companys decision making mental process if it is to mark its name against its competitors.Such sessions would give rise to further creative ideas coming up from employees because people belonging to the same sector and similar expertise would constantly turn up with diversified views of situations, hence these kinds of sessions involve enormous collaboration between employees of similar discipline. In addition to this, having a strong confiscate with people and sharing of ideas would culminate in supplementary creative thoughts springing up for the business. Irrefutably, businesses such as that of electronics are always at an imminent threat by the competitive world. A slight advancement would leave behind all the old technology therefore, it requires an acute sense and better understanding of technological changes to bring through in electronics retailing business. For this reason, sessions such as these would

What is the American Dream and is it still alive today Essay

What is the American Dream and is it still live(a) today - Essay ExampleWhat is the American imagine and is it still alive today essay examines the American dream with a focus on whether people have abandoned the dream to pursue their personal self-interests. If the American dream is still present and alive, does it still hold for all told Americans? This is the question that ardent followers of the American philosophy want conclusive answers. Currently, the question that lingers in the minds of close to American citizens is whether they ar still able to achieve this dream. Due to the American dream essay, America is a country that prides in economic mobility where chances for equal opportunities for success are possible, but, whether every single individual can succeed remains an unsolved puzzle. The hurting reality is that inasmuch as statistics show that 84% of people out-earn their parents and that the poorest Americans are better off than they used to, its still not easy t o move from one social class to another. The rich people do all they can to consolidate their riches while the poor remains in their class. Class mobility is not very much easy in America compared to its dwell Canada and another country like Britain. It is projected that an increase in ones income may not necessarily prompt a shift in class since the gap between the rich and the poor is too wide.Even though movement across one class seems hard, there is one base that has been seen to enable people move up their social class.

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business plan - Essay ExampleThere are several reasons for the prospective winner of this venture. The closely important factor is that the current Korean market is undergoing a period of transition from analog to HD video and IPTV. Therefore, demand for HD related products will be exalteder at this time than at any earlier period. Also, we believe that selling items online has its advantages over selling in person specialists, enthusiasts and well-informed customers can irritate the products specifications and research them easily through corresponding company websites.In the Korean market, there are very few companies which sell audio/video equipment online, and most of these remain financially weak with low market credibility. Since the market lacks a leading enterprise that can supply both goods and services related to pro person audio/video equipment, there is presently a great opportunity for DBS and B&H to secure the premier position through demonstrated high quality servi ces and supply abilities. Finally, DBS past experience in the TV and radio industries prepares it well for a long-term role in this new endeavor, firearm its knowledge of Korean markets can facilitate the formation of well trained human resources for product services.Total sales of Korean broadcasting market including non-profit mesh have increased from $7,700,000,000 in 2004 to $8,635,200,000 in 2005. Moreover, in 2006, it increased by 12.6 % ($9,719,900,000) from 2005.In consideration of the above factors, it can be said that the Korean markets for professional audio/video equipment shall expand and the demands of regular consumer will also increase. At this opportune moment, cooperation between B&H and DBS not only bears the promise of enormous earnings but holds the potential of spreading out to other developing Asian countries. We are convinced our proposed plan shall prove mutually beneficial and

Role within this section Essay Example for Free

Role within this section EssayDiscuss, in detail, how you as a performer might approach a routine within this section. You will need to give details of the part that you have chosen to play and intended earreach response. You will need to include annexe to voice, movement, temperisation and relationships created on stage. We ar looking at Scene 2, page 20 to 25, from the Governors wifes line Only essentials Quick, open the trunks. To the end of the outlook. This section contains the characters Grusha, The Governors wife, Cook, Chef, The newfangled woman, Adjutant, A Fat woman, Nurse, Stablemen, Simon, The third woman and the Singer. I am going to look at the Singer. Berlolt Brecht and his techniques Brecht was a very political and scientific writer he didnt stop with all of the political actions at that time. Hitler wanted to kill him after some bad publicity from Brecht so, he fled to America where he wrote this plays. He wrote parable plays to get wind and get a point over to the audience, each play had a different moral he tried to convert peoples minds on their political views. In order to keep the audience from getting as well as mingled in each play, Brecht only names certain characters.Creating characters that overpower the audience is not candid it can make the audience only think about that one character. Brecht doesnt really have any one main or higher character (thinking in levels of importance and wealth) as all the focus would be put on them. He does include very powerful characters at times, i. e. the Governor, yet he dies soon after he is introduced. This also includes giving characters names. People can get too attached to a certain character if we learn too much about them. An example of this technique is shown in the following quote THE EXPERT comrade AgronomistTHE AGRONOMIST Last winter (Page 6, The Expert The Agronomist). Brecht doesnt directly name characters i. e. The young woman, The peasant woman. He also does not lik e to normally say anything about that character, history or any extra information. He tries to include as many characters as possible so you cannot become attached to them and you concentrate on the story line and the moral. In scene 1 there are 14 or 15 different characters, in scene 2, 22 characters are included. He tries to avoid long one on one confrontations and keeps on including other people here and there.(Ref. Page 20, where the Nurse interrupts the conversation between the Governors Wife and the adjutant and on page 22 when lots of characters are involved in large discussion). This makes people stop thinking about what has happened and concentrate more than on what is happening right then. Brecht structures plays differently he creates each scene to portray a story, this is called episodical, people were free to walk in and out of the theatre and alcohol could be brought in. The public liked this, and that encouraged them to come to more of his plays.His main goal was to get people to think about the story line, during and after the play so another technique he had was to stop and change the tense people spoke in, Scene 2, page 13, GRUSHA I dont understand the solider. Whats so good about it? She changes tense from 1st person to 3rd person, this distracts the audience and hopefully makes them think more carefully about what she meant by that. Brecht liked to use techniques like this to kept the audience listening he wanted them to at most ease whilst watching so they can soak in the moral of each episodic scene.I believe, the most important trick Brecht used to keep the audiences occupied was by linking each character with an object. Grusha, for example, after she became engaged to Simon, he placed a silver crossing on a set up around her neck. From this moment onwards someone else can play Grusha but the audience will still know it is her character by the silver cross and chain. The Governor and his wife are portrayed by the wearing of rich garme nts. An example of this is when the Governors wife says Why? I must have the silver pose it cost 1000 piastres. And that one there, and all my furs.

A Hybrid Vehicle Is a Vehicle That Uses Two Essay Example for Free

A crossbreed Vehicle Is a Vehicle That Uses Two EssayMopeds, voltaic rolls, and even out galvanizing kick scooters atomic number 18 a simple recoil of a crossbreed, as major indicator is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric car tug and the riders muscles. Early prototypes of repelcycles in the late 19th century commitd the same principles to occasion it up. * In a par entirelyel crown of thorns bicycle kind and travel power argon mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e. g. utilise a hub push, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured Motorized bicycles, Mopeds are of this type. 2 * In a series intercrossed bicycle (SH) the drug user powers a origin using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but overly to charge a assault and battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the skilful mechanical torque required because n unmatchable is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because they are rattling simple in theory and manufacturing.3 The maiden known prototype and publication of an SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3884317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite4 SH lightweight fomite which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed a Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jurg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 attach the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188).In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the active bicycle the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nonhing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built some(prenominal) prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles. 5 Heavy vehicles pot Rapid Transit of Metz, a diesel-electric crossing driving system by Van Hool6 crossbreed power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy wakelesss vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships.Typically some form of heat engine (usually diesel) drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump which powers mavin or to a greater extent electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages in distributing power by wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements especially when double drivese. g. driven wheels or propellersare required. There is power lost in the double conversion from typically diesel provide to electricity to power an electric or hydraulic motor. With wide-ranging vehicles the advantages ofttimes outweigh the disadvantages especially as the conversion losses typically decrease with size.With the exception of non-nuclear submarines, presently there is no or relatively little hourary elan vital store cleverness on most heavy vehicles, e. g. auxiliary batteries and hydraulic accumulatorsalthough this is now changing. Submarines are one of the oldest widespread applications of hybrid technology, dallyning on diesel engines while surfaced and switching to battery power when submerged. Both series-hybrid and parallel hybrid drivetrains were used in the uphold World War. Rail transport Main article Hybrid train East Japan Railway Company HB-E300 seriesEurope The new Autorail a grande capacite (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service in France. This has dual mode (diesel and electric motors) and dual voltage capabilities (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many different rail systems. 7 The locomotive has been on trials in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeedin g, a Genesse and Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating prototype locomotive was designed and contracted by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and the sample was ready in 2000.It was a G12 locomotive that was converted to hybrid by using a 200KW diesel generator and batteries and as well as was equipped with 4 AC traction motors (out of 4) retrofited in the cover of the DC traction motors. Japan The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine with operative energy storage and energy regeneration ability was introduced in Japan as the KiHa E200. It utilizes battery packs of lithium ion batteries mounted on the roof to store recovered energy. 8North America In the U. S., General Electric introduced a prototype railroad engine with their Ecomagination technology in 2007. They store energy in a large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries to capture and store energy ordinarily dissipated during dynamic braking or coasting downhill. They expect at le ast a 10% reduction in elicit use with this system and are now spending about $2 billion/yr on hybrid research. 9 Variants of the typical diesel electric locomotive include the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/ cubic yard engines built by Canadas Railpower Technologies.They utilize a large set of heavy duty long life (10 yr) rechargeable lead acid (Pba) batteries and molarity to 2000 HP electric motors as the primary motive acknowledgments and a new clean burning diesel generator (160 Hp) for recharging the batteries that is used besides as take oned. No power or open fire are wasted for idlingtypically 6085% of the time for these type locomotives. It is unclear if dynamic braking (regenerative) power is recaptured for reuse but in principle it should be easily utilized.Since these engines typical need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery packs weight is a negligible penalty. In addition the diesel generator and battery package are normally built o n an breathing retired yard locomotives frame for important additional cost savings. The existing motors and running pitch are all rebuilt and reused. Diesel fuel savings of 4060% and up to 80% contaminant reductions are claimed over that of a typical older switching/yard engine.The same advantages that existing hybrid cars ready for use with frequent starts and stops and wild periods apply to typical switching yard use. 10 Green Goat locomotives have been purchased by Canadian Pacific Railway, BNSF Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific rail line among others. Cranes Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are test a hybrid diesel electric power unit with battery storage for use in synthetic rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes.RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when th ey are displace. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 5070% are predicted by Railpower engineers. 11 First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. 12 Road transport, commercial vehicles 2008 GMC Yukon hybrid version Early hybrid systems are being castigated for trucks and other heavy highway vehicles with some operational trucks and buses starting to get it on into use.The main obstacles seem to be belittled fleet sizes and the extra costs of a hybrid system are yet compensated for by fuel savings,13 but with the price of oil set to continue on its upward trend, the tipping point may be reached by the end of 2015. dated info Advances in technology and lowered battery cost and higher capacity etc. take oned in the hybrid car industry are already filtering into truck use as Toyota, Ford, GM and others introduce hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced a hybrid-electric truck, called the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be c ompetitive. 1415FedEx and others are starting to invest in hybrid delivery type vehiclesparticularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. 16 Military off-road vehicles Since 1985, the U. S. military has been testing serial hybrid Humvees1718 and have found them to deliver solider acceleration, a stealth mode with low thermal signature/ near silent operation, and greater fuel economy. Ships Ships with both mast-mounted sails and steam engines were an early form of hybrid vehicle.Another example is the diesel-electric submarine. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be re-charged by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface. Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing kites manufactured by companies such as SkySails. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. Aircraft Taxiing and other end operations of Boeing 737NGs will soon be done using hy brid electric drives as WheelTug ground propulsion systems become available.1920 By using the APU (powered by a turbine) to energize a Chorus electric motor mounted in the landing gear for ground movement, aircraft will be operating in a hybrid configuration where the main engines are used only for take off, landing, and flight. Boeing 737800 The Boeing Fuel cellular phone Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a effected propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight.During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries. The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wing span of 16. 3 meters (53. 5 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at approximately speed of light kilometers per hour (62 miles per hour) on power from the fuel cell. 21 Hybrid FanWings have been designed.A FanWing is created by cardinal engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter. 22 Engine type Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles Hybrid New Flyer Metrobus Hybrid Optare Solo Main article Hybrid electric vehicle When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle. These encompass such vehicles as the Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota alpine Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h and 450h and others.A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines ( in the main gaseous state or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power the vehicle. There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains, from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid, which offer varying advantages and disadv antages. 23not in citation given Henri Pieper in 1899 developed the first petro-electric hybrid automobile in the world.In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed a series-hybrid using twain motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with a combustion generator set providing the electric power, setting both speed recordscitation needed. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an galvanic engineer from Springdale, Arkansas in 197879. His home-converted Opel GT was storeyed to return as much as 75MPG with plans still sold to this original design, and the Mother Earth News modified version on their website.24 The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is fitting more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running. Continuously outboard recha rged electric vehicle (COREV) Given desirable basis, permissions and vehicles, BEVs can be recharged while the user drives. The BEV establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism (see Conduit current collection).The BEVs batteries are recharged by this processon the highwayand can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. Some of battery-electric locomotives used for keep trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation. Power is picked up from the electtrified rails where possible, switching to battery power where the electricity supply is disconnected. This provides the advantage, in principle, of virtually unrestricted highway range as long as you stay where you have BEV infrastructure access.Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this may reduce the need for expensive battery systems. Unfortunately private u se of the existing electrical system is nearly universally prohibited. The technology for such electrical infrastructure is old and, outside of some cities, is not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection, trams, electric rail, trolleys, third rail). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs can be funded, in principle, by toll revenue, gasoline or other taxes. Hybrid fuel (dual mode).Ford Escape Hybrid with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85 (ethanol) In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types (fuels) using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described to a higher place and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles * Some electric trolleybuses can switch among an on board diesel engine and overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see dual m ode bus).In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced. * Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels conflate in one tank typically gasoline and ethanol, or methanol, or biobutanol. * Bi-fuel vehicleLiquified petroleum gas and essential gas are very different from petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. sort of vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. For example Chevys Silverado 2500 HD, which is now on the road, can effortlessly switch between petroleum and natural gas, and offers a range of over 650 miles. 25 While the duplicated tanks cost aloofness in some applications, the increased range, decreased cost of fuel and flexibility where (LPG or NG) infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase. W hile the U. S.Natural gas infrastructure is partially incomplete, it is increasing at a fast pace, and already has 2600 CNG stations in place. 26 With a growing fueling station infrastructure, a large scale adoption of these bi-fuel vehicles could be seen in the near future. rising gas prices may also push consumers to purchase these vehicles. When gas prices trade around $4. 00, the price per MMBTU of gasoline is $28. 00, compared to natural gass $4. 00 per MMBTU. 27 On a per unit of energy comparative basis, this refers natural gas much cheaper than gasoline.All of these factors are qualification CNG-Gasoline bi-fuel vehicles very attractive. * Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on autogas (LPG) and diesels modified to run on waste vegetable oil that has not been processed into biodiesel. * Power-assist mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also included (see Motorized bicycle). Flu id power hybrid Chrysler minivan, petro-hydraulic hybrid French MDI petro-air hybrid car developed with Tata.Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i. e. compressed air) drive units. In most cases the engine is costless from the drivetrain merely only to change the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Petro-air hybrid A French company, MDI, has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders.28 A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the active chamber, which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. 29 Tata Motors of India assessed the design phase towards full merchandise for the Indian market and moved into completing detailed development of the compre ssed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications. 3031 Petro-hydraulic hybrid Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles.In petro-hydraulic hybrids, the energy recovery rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids using the current battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing. 32 The charging engine needs only to be surface for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests at a lower placetaken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid Ford Ex pedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7. 4 L/100 km 38 mpg-imp) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km 26 mpg-imp) highway. 3334 UPS currently has two trucks in service with this technology. 35 Although petro-hybrid technology has been known for decades, and used in trains and very large construction vehicles, heavy costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sensory faculty an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hybrid road vehicles in 1978.A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesotas Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32mpg was returning 75mpg with the 60HP engine replaced by 16HP engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph. 36 In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPAs National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid po wertrain that would propel a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. quickening was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1. 9 liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to the base cost of the vehicle. 34 While the petro-hydraulic system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper than petro-electric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than a battery set. Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. Focus has now switched to smaller vehicles.The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British company has made a breakthrough by introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic mot or/pump, the Digital Displacement motor/pump, that is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads making small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids feasible. 37 The company converted a BMW car as a test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i, gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car.This test was using the standard 3,000cc engine. Petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators entails downsizing an engine to average power usage, not top of the inning power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator. 38 Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups.One research projects goal is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the pa ckaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving the wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminates the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, drive shafts and U joints, reducing costs and weight.Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes are used in industrial vehicles. 39 The aim is 170mpg in average driving conditions. Energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when to the full charged. The aim is a f ully charged accumulator with an energy storage potential of 670 HP, which will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive.404142 In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minvan will be adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain. 34434445 PSA Peugeot Citroen exhibited an experimental Hybrid Air engine at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. 46 The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power an hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine.The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Production versions priced at about $25,000, ? 17,000, are schedule for 2015 or 2016. Mileage was estimated to be about 80 miles per gallon for city driving if installed in a Citroen C3. 47 Electric-human power hybrid vehicle Another form of hybrid vehicle are human power-electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5, Twike, electric bicycles, and electric skateboards. Hybrid vehicle power train configurations Main articles Hybrid vehicle drivetrains and Micro HEV.Parallel hybrid Honda Insight, Mild Parallel Hybrid Toyota Prius, series-parallel hybrid Ford Escape Hybrid, a series-parallel drivetrain In a parallel hybrid vehicle, the single electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. In contrast to the power split configuration typically only one electric motor is installed. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches.For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. The first mass production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation Honda Insight. Mild parallel hybrid These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually 20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist48 during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (aka regenerative braking).On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight second generation, Honda CR-Z, Honda Accord Hybrid, Mercedes Benz S400 BlueHYBRID, BMW 7-Series hybrids, General Motors BAS Hybrids, and Smart fortwo with micro hybrid drive. Power-split or series-parallel hybrid Passenger car installations include Toyota Prius, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h. In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.The power from these two motors can be shared to d rive the wheels via a power splitter, which is a simple planetary gear set. The ratio can be from 0100% for the combustion engine, or 0100% for the electric motor, or anything in between, such as 40% for the electric motor and 60% for the combustion engine. The electric motor can act as a generator charging the batteries. Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a second electric motor/generator on the output shaft (connected to the wheels).In cooperation with the primary motor/generator and the mechanical power-split this provides a continuously variable transmission. On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example to overtake, the electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary reducing curbside em issions. Series hybrid Chevrolet Volt, series plug-in hybrid.Honda Civic Hybrid used by Zipcar car sharing service Ford Escape plug-in hybrid A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle has also been referred to as an Extended Range Electric Vehicle or Range-Extended Electric Vehicle (EREV/REEV) however, range extension can be accomplished with either series or parallel hybrid layouts. Series-hybrid vehicles are driven by the electric motor with no mechanical connection to the engine. Instead there is an engine tuned for running a generator when the battery pack energy supply isnt sufficient for demands. This arrangement is not new, being common in diesel-electric locomotives and ships.Ferdinand Porsche used this setup in the early 20th century in racing cars, effectively inventing the series-hybrid arrangement. Porsche named the arrangement System Mixt. A wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels was used, setting speed records. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. The setup has never proved to be suitable for production cars, however it is currently being revisited by several manufacturers.In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. 49 GM introduced the Chevy Volt EREV in 2010, aiming for an all-electric range of 40 miles,50 and a price tag of around $40,000. 51 Supercapacitors combined with a lithium ion battery bank have been used by AFS one-third in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using supercapacitors they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement. 52 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) Main article Plug-in hybrid Another subtype added to the hybrid market is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV).The PHEV is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage c apacity (usually Li-ion batteries). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine. 5354 This concept is attractive to those want to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding or at least minimizing the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in carbonic acid gas terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, whic h may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists. Fuel cell, electric hybrid.The fuel cell hybrid is generally an electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell. The fuel cell as well as the electric battery are both power sources, making the vehicle a hybrid. Fuel cells use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric battery when it is depleted. The Chevrolet Equinox FCEV, Ford acuity Hyseries Drive and Honda FCX are examples of a fuel cell/electric hybrid. Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined HEV accidents that touch pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving combustion-engine vehicles.The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, stand-in up, entering or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and CEVs i s most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than CEVs. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than CEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. however there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight.55 Environmental issues Fuel consumption and emissions reductions The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design 1. relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight.2. having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured ener gy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city driving cycle. 3. recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator Other techniques that are not necessarily hybrid features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include 1.using Atkinson cycle engines instead of Otto cycle engines for improved fuel economy.2. completion down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods. 3. improving aerodynamics (part of the reason that SUVs get such deleterious fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve handling at the same time.4. using low rolling resistance tires (tires were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc. , but efficiency was a lower priority). Tires cause mechanical drag, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiffer or by selection of carcass structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatsoever the power source.5. powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts. These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicl es.