Describe Gender Roles at Work and in the Home Essay Example for Free

Describe Gender Roles at Work and in the Home EssayMales and females afford always had different gender parts and these roles have an impact on the operate onplace and home. however there are also some disadvantages for both of them. This essay will describe gender roles at work and in the home with reference to Japan. Firstly, many wo custody are distressed by the balance between home and work. They face role overload ,which means assay to merge the roles of worker and mother or wife. When both spouses work outside, women tend to do the lions share of the housekeeping. For example, an Australian research showed that working women do roughly 70 hours of housework while working husbands only do approximately 31 hours. In Japan many women work fulltime share the housework with their spouse. However there are still some women who work both at home and at the work place and still experience role overload. Secondly, many men also experience challenges with gender roles. While th ey are less likely to suffer from prejudice, there are more disadvantages than advantages. For example, many men tend to experience stress from the pressure to make money, the situation employment, and social expectations.In Japan, many men experience these problems as well as the state to earn a good salary. However the current financial crisis makes difficult for them to keep their position and workplace. Thirdly, a lot of women are confronted with inequality at work. straight off their rights have become much better than in the past and therefore gender equality is guarded in many places by laws. As a result, most women can stand by higher salaries than before. However inequality at work still remains and even though men and women have the identical qualifications or skills, women still earn lower salaries and have lower status.For example, many of their jobs are inferior to mens jobs and they do not have opportunities to fixate higher positions because of the glass ceiling. In Japan, womens rights have improved and many can get higher positions, like cabinet ministers in the Japanese government. However for some women this problem still continues. In conclusion, many workplace rights have become much better than in the past and many women can get good salaries and positions. However both spouses still experience role overload and pressure to earn money. When these problems are dealt with, peoples lives will improve in the future.

Feminism in Legal Jurisprudence and Social Analysis

Feminism in efficacious Jurisprudence and Social AnalysisDiscuss critically the contri exactlyion of womens rightist supposition to affable and good analysis. Consider the extent to which you regard feminism as a distinctive and coherent approach to these fields of enquiry.IntroductionThis paper will critically examine the womens liberationist contribution to judicial jurisprudence and neighborly analysis. The theoretical range and methodologies of libber dialogue will be investigated in context of sanctioned philosophy and sociable faculty member discourse. First, serious music companionable theories of ratified philosophy will be talk ofed in order to asses the value of libber analysis of kindly theories. In particular the womens rightist investigation of the socio economic hypothesis of Marxism will be discourseed in order to understand the sociological perspectives concerning the role women played in the social order. Secondly, aspects of feminist wakeles s inquiries human faceing at thematic phone numbers central to feminist prospect will be analyzed. In relation to this, internal donnish criticisms surrounded by feminist factions will be addressed to highlight the sheer diversity of feminist legal jurisprudence. This essay will aim to demonstrate that feminism is a distinctive inquisitive range of motion, but it is not a unified approach to legal and sociological fields. In this sense its pluralism and diversity seat at times leave the movement fractured and divided. But this essay argues that this does not diminish the ability of the movement to raise important estimations while tackling broad theoretical academic queries.Feminism intellection contextual originsFeminism view originated from a historically wide ranging social walls and theories. It can trace roots back to the womens release movement which gained momentum in the 60s and 70s along side other social struggles in the same era, notably the American civil righ ts movement. womens rightist thought is indefinable as a single unitary possible action. Feminist thought primarily is a diverse, competing and often opposing hookup of social theories, political movements and moral philosophies.1 The innermost guiding issue is to critically discuss the role of women and their experiences in various social, political and economical contexts. Issues of inequation, discrimination, institutional womanly representation, socialized or biologic constructions of sexual urge differences and resulting cultural implications argon a just a few lines of inquiry explored by modern Western feminist thought. Thus feminist thinking is a multifarious and pluralistic academic discipline. There is no single form of feminism that represents all feminists.2Social feminist theoriesFeminist legal thought, it can be suggested, has made a substantial contribution to social analysis. It is a relatively new ara of analysis for feminist scholars. Feminist social theory examines social dealing between the sexes, expressly looking at how societal actions can be transported into the public domain for the liberty of women. It is suggested feminist social theory has made pivotal contributions3 and changes in modern society. It has worked to revolutionize existing attitudes with reference to social structures. It is argued, that recent social changes return been achieved done the committed agitation of feminist thinkers who fully participating in socially engaged issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as womens rights and reform. This has resulted in the increased involvement of women in public life4 suggesting feminist legal thought has in some small dash played a part to advance equality of the sexes. In this sense, social feminism is continually evolving5 by dint of analytic inquiries to understand egg-producing(prenominal) subordination which assimilates issues of divide and sex activity. This includes the consideration of wider factors rel ated to individuation, race, and ethnicity. By focusing on such factors, Holmstrom argues social feminist academics aim to help use this analysis to liberate women.6 In this context, feminist thought has been able to add confidently to general social theory. For example feminist inquiries of social theory stupefy helped to change the way sociologists previously conceptualized social theories, by focusing upon reoccurring lines of inquiry. For example, first, feminist social theory discusses biological differences and socialized activity in society. Secondly the interpretative meaning and explanation of what the term social can mean has been praised as helping to erect a broader scope of inquiry than exhibited by earlier forms of sociology. As a direct consequence it is argued feminist theories set out moved beyond the issue of women and point the way to a more creative form of intellectual inquiry.7 Thirdly, social feminists have usually examined patterned links between viriles and young-bearing(prenominal)s which be socially structured. This can be seen in the work of Catherine Mackinnon discussed below. Finally, the feminist inquiry looks into how particular social relationships are formed and the structural workings of societal institutions.8 Its methods of examining the meaning of the social, how a persons experience dissembles her understanding of the social world and how males and females relate to each other has led sociologists to rethink previously established and influential social theories.9Critiques of classical social theoryThis impact is most noticeably seen in the radical feminist analysis of conventional social theories such as Marxism. Mackinnon 10 and Sydie11 critically reveal how classical theories of Marx, Weber and Durkheim marginalized women to varying degrees, in order to promote social and economic aspects of their theories. Thus a major criticism leveled at classical theory is that women are fundamentally ignored by male sociol ogists who were preoccupied with the male activities, experiences and parts of society dominated by males.12 For example, sociological classical theories are formulated within context of industrial society and economies. Feminists argue that capitalism helped to expand the male public sphere of influence through industrial structures. This expanding upon in turn was balanced by the constraint of females in the domestic private section of society, with almost no engagement in public, political or economic events.13 This can be seen in womens electoral disenfranchisement and the suffragette movement in 18th and 19th century England.Feminist analysis of Marxist ideasA large area of feminist discourse concerns Marxist ideas. Marxism is analyzed through its historical materiality and approach. It conceptualizes history as distinct succession of modes of labor.14 Each stagecoach of societys historical development will progress through evolving social stages such as feudalism, capitalis m and socialism. Such phases are characterized by strange modes of production. Such modes of production within the economy are made up by the integral personnel relations between the direct unveilrs and the owners of the means of production who exploit workers. Holstrom explains that within Marxist theory, issues of inequality and class division are utilized by feminist scholars to slip away the range of social inquiry. Further more, they are apply to examine societal divisions between the sexes, and the process through which social relations of gender are created organized, expressed and directed as such gender relations fundamentally create society.15 For example Mackinnon cand an influential feminist account of the social and economic theories of MarxMarxism and feminism provide accounts of the way social arrangements of patterned and additive disparity which can be internally rational and systematic, yet unjust. Both are theories of power and social inequality. As Marxism exposes value as a social creation, feminism exposes a desire of the socially relational16, internally requirement to unequal social orders.Thus, Marxist study is focused on the production of commodities for exchange and the concomitant social exploitation encouraged by this phenomenon. Feminist thought argues Marxist emphasis is placed on creative human labour which sustains the productive economy. In analyzing the modes of production and social exploitation, the societal theory neglects females who were not seen to be exploited in the same way as male workers as they did not produce the oppressed labor force.17 A further example of the disregard of womens contribution to the production of commodities is the female role in the private sphere. It can be suggested that Marx spends little time analyzing goods and services produced in the household and family18 where the trade is non commercial. Thus, feminist theory provided a valuable analytic discourse exposing the fallacy that Marxist ideas discuss all types of labour. It is in fact, limited by the barrier of gender inequalities. It failed to adequately investigate such discrepancies correspond to feminist criticisms. Such external activities outside the market, such as reproduction which biologically provides the supply of labour from the family, are bourgeonn for granted by Marx.19 Thus, feminist thought crucially highlighted how Marxism failed to comprehensively debate how a womans domestic and familial role aided the value of labor power as an economic commodity in society.Social theory examines many aspects of gender differences and inequality, factors which the works of classical sociologists developed no such theories about. Feminists revealed deep-seated conceptual weaknesses in such theories. For example Mackinnons critique of Marx discusses the sentiment that within the idea of class relations, women were to Marx defined by nature20 and not by society. Therefore Marxism offers no authoritativ e scrutiny on the role of women within class division of society. Social feminist disciplines are argued by Adams and Sydie to help voice challenging interrogatorys which are women centered in perspective, questions core concepts and assumptions of sociology21, and asks how change can produce a more socially acceptable human society for the sexes.In summary this paper believes feminist thought has performed a pivotal function in reassessing the nature of traditional sociological theories such as Marxism. In doing so, feminist scholars have created new perceptions of sociological theories in relation to discussing women in society.Feminist Legal and JurisprudenceFeminist legal theory, developed from the Critical Legal Studies School of jurisprudential thought. Feminist legal theory, aims broadly toAnalyze the contribution of impartiality constructing, put forwarding, reinforcing and perpetuating patriarchy and it looks at the ways in which this patriarchy can be undermined and u ltimately eliminated.22According to the writer Leslie Bender patriarchy is a term used by feminists to address the ubiquitous phenomenon of male domination.23 Discussion of patriarchy allows feminist discourse to examine social and legal power relations, primarily as men have used institutional methods of power to subordinate women. These methods of power manifest itself in the political and economic world that governs families and sexual relationships.24 Freeman argues that this fundamental belief in social patriarchy is the only primary notion which brings together feminist legal theoretical discourse as a whole body.25Theoretical lines of inquiry stemming from the Critical Legal school, demonstrates that feminist legal thinking also aspires to create a basic critic of theinherent logic of law, the indeterminacy and manipulability of doctrine, the role of law, in legitimating particular social relations, the illegitimate hierarchies created by law and legal regulations.26In this s ense, feminist legal theories endeavor to locate and identify the underlying imbalances in legal rules and institutional structures in society, assessing the impact upon women as a whole. In a wider context, feminist thought is seen as an inevitable progression in academic debate into the area of jurisprudence. Ashe argues it is a natural progression of the engagement of female reflection to one more area of discourse in view of other feminist studies in sociology, philosophy and history.27 Therefore the extent of feminist contributions to legal jurisprudence can not be underestimated. It forms a solid committed inquiry according to Dalton28 in order to address female subordination, analyzing fundamental questions as to how and why mechanisms operate and succeed in placing women in such social positions. Furthermore feminist inquiry into law is a vital contribution for those studying the field. For example, this author believes continued female expression and analytical work helps p romote feminist legal jurisprudence within mainstream discourse. Dalton pessimistically characterizes the belief that from an outsiders view it is beyond the pale to be a women who teaches and writes as a woman, expressing womens concerns.29 This paper would doubt the assertion that the role of academic feminist legal thought is viewed so disparagingly by mainstream society. Feminist legal thought may be thought of as a selective field of inquiry, but it is important for legal jurisprudence that all aspects of the law are examined from a variety of theoretical standpoints. This enables academics to discover and discuss the nature of law as an evolving social institution in a comprehensive manner.It helps to frame feminist jurisprudential within an inquisitive, exploratory framework which guides such discourse. This enables academics to focus on particular points in the discussion. This can be demonstrated by Heather Wishik,30 in which feminist legal inquiry concentrates on respond the following analytical questions to provide a structurally coherent focus within the legal field1. What have been and what are now all womens experiences of the life situation addressed by the doctrine, process or area of law under examination?2. What assumptions, descriptions, assertions and or definitions of experience male, female or gender neutral does the law make in this area?3. What is the area of mismatch, distortion or denial created by the differences between womens life experiences and the laws assumptions or oblige structures?4. What patriarchic interests are served by the mismatch?5. What reforms have been proposed in this area of law or womens life situation? How will these reform proposals if adopted, affect women both practically and ideologically?6. In an i bulk world what would this womans life situation look like and what relationship if any, would law have to this future life situation?Such an analytical framework and inquiry demonstrates the reasoned theoret ical approach plotted by feminist legal thought within jurisprudence. Locating specific questions enables feminist legal discussion to examine areas of law with purpose and structure, while sustaining its clear purpose of understanding the position of females run within social structures.Feminist Legal MethodologyTo understand how feminist thought in relation to law is carried out, it is necessary to discuss the methodology of the academic school. The methodology can be simplified into three main points. First, it challenges the prescribed empirical tradition arguing that it is assumptive to accept the validity of observation and accusive measurement. Feminist legal theorists therefore challenge a firmly established positivist concept within jurisprudence, that through a neutral standpoint the rectitude or reality will emerge.31 Lacey discusses the supposed neutral framework for legal reasoning such as the rule of law which is central to liberal and positivist legal philosophy.T he idea of the rule of law is that it sets up standards which are applied in a neutral manner to formally equal parties. Questions of inequality and power may effect the capacity of those parties to engage effectively in legal reasoning. Gilligan on constructing moral problems in relation to gender has opened up a striking argument about the possible masculinity of the very process of legal reasoning.32The importance of challenging the conventional legal methodology helps to legitimately question the fundamental instutionalized legal reasoning processes which impact upon society.Finally, feminist methodology continually asks what is known as the woman question, investigating the nature of law through probing and recognizing female events which the law regulates in society. K.T Bartlett elaborated on the woman question in Feminist Legal Methods33 to mean how the law fails to take into account the experiences and values that seem more typical of women than men or how existing legal st andards and concepts might disadvantage women. Secondly, female practical reasoning stemming from contextual investigation is used to highlight the fundamental differences between people, and recognizes the value of the disenfranchised in society. Freeman suggests female practical reasoning is an interpretative approach34 also used by the critical legal methods. Such influence means the interpretative approach is drawn on to emancipate and uncover aspects of society especially ideologies that maintain the status quo by restricting or limiting groups access to the means of gaining knowledge.35 Thirdly, through the tactic of conscious raising, sharing and increasing individual awareness of the female life experience is a tool for feminists. Such conscious raising enables the exploration of social constructs while challenging the objective truth exhibiting itself as law and the criteria for legal authenticity.36 The validity of such characteristic feminist methodological traits discuss ed by Bartlett reveals things which traditional legal methods ignore.37 Such an approach places emphasis on the idea ofPositionality a stance that acknowledges the existence of empirical truths, values and knowledge. Knowledge is situated in social contexts and reflects different experiences. Thus they key lies in the effort to extend ones limited perspective.38This methodological standpoint is used as a launch pad by feminists to comprehensively consider different types of knowledge. Through experimental and far-reaching scrutiny, feminist scholars believe such a methodology will lead to heightened responsiveness achieving the goal of self determination and change in society. Freeman argues this point by stating an improved methodology will result in a better understanding and ability to urge transformative practice.39Categories of feminist legal thoughtWithin feminist jurisprudence, there are many theoretical branches focusing on different conceptual points by academic feminists. Freeman identifies four main categories within feminist jurisprudence which have discussed extensive aspects of laws relationship to the female gender in society. For example Liberal, total, Cultural and Postmodern approaches to feminist legal thought have provided thought provoking and powerful examinations of how women can be affected by law. Such diverse inquiries also investigate the consequences this has for female gender identity and socialized power relations. All theories are important as particular writers under each category discuss very real topical legal subjects which the reader can relate to.Examples of legal topics discussed by feminist scholarsFor example the legal subjects of bobble, domestic violence, and harassment have been examined under English case law. R v. R (1991) has been a notable case for radical feminist attention in discussing the laws of rape, which attempt to protect women from sexual violence within and outside marriage. Feminists look at such em otive topics in order to place critical attention on womens legal rights as citizens, examining the context of situations associated with the female experience. It can be suggested, a crucial aim of such discourse in not only theoretical, but represents genuine pragmatism to produce change which prevents rape head on,40 and alters traditional ingrained conceptions which permeate gender relations in society. For example, rape should not be conceptualized as a phenomenon female victims should have to deal with trying to avoid but infact it should be reformulated as an act which men must prevent.41 It can be argued, it is imperative for feminist legal scholars to continue to question how we view issues of sexual violence and critically assess how laws might unintentionally reinforce negative male values against women. A second area of feminist legal analysis is concentrated on the notion of equality for the sexes. Laws regulating pension retirement ages and equally pay opportunities u nder labour laws have been an issue within liberal feminism. Aspects of inequality between the sexes have been discussed using the differences in pay opportunities between the genders, and the existence of the glass ceiling in economic somatic structures. Such examples showing the range of analysis feminist legal thought pursues, demonstrates how resourceful the discipline is. Further more feminist thinking can provide distinct and logical investigations of previously unexplored areas of law. Black letter law, statutory legislation and rules effecting social relations and power structures have been exposed by feminists unbelieving the nature of legal rules upon female social existence. In this respect, feminist aims of uncovering the patriarchal aspects of the legal system increase awareness and help to establish necessary debates challenging the current condition of legal structures. This essay will now discuss some of the theoretical contributions of liberal, radical, and cultur al feminist thought to legal theory.Feminist responses to Liberal theoriesThis essay believes analysis of equality and earlier liberal theories have provided a valuable contribution to legal analysis. The work of Cain42 and Lacey both examined models of equality in a legal environment. Liberals believe in the autonomous rational individual and minimal state involvement with private agents, which theoretically displaces gender differences. It suggests all humanness are equal on the basis of possessing free will.Liberal feminism is rooted in the belief that women as well as men are right bearing autonomous human beings. Rationality, individual choice, equal rights and equal opportunities are central concepts for liberal political theory. Liberal feminism building on these concepts argues that women are just as rational as men and those women should have equal opportunities with men to exercise their right to make rational self concerned choices. 43Cain directly challenges established libertarian thought, arguing it is not the point to make women into men but expand the possibilities for female life experience by freeing women from the limitations of the male constructed category of women if she so chooses.44 Nicola Lacey extends this line of argument by examining the institutional limitations which are placed on women. This is known as the public and private sphere which make power relations between men and women. The private spheres of life, such as family domestic life are contrasted to male dominated areas of public life such as in employment. Freeman argues family is seen as beyond the control of the state, as power is deemed to be in the public arena while power relations in the domestic sphere can be ignored.45 Lacey raises an important theoretical point, questioning the extent to which the state should legitimately intervene into the private realm, especially in the context of domestic violence and sexual abuse within family relations. It is argued the state should favor a pro interventionist policy in such cases even if it goes against traditional liberal values infringing on individual civil liberties and private autonomy. Thus, Lacey argues the ideology of the public and private allows the government to clean its hands of any accountability for the state of the private world and depoliticizes the disadvantages which may spill over the divide, affecting the position of the privately disadvantaged.46 Lacey argues the language of public and private spheres helps to support the status quo of pre existing power relations. For example, in the case of domestic violence the victims are ignored, resulting with women being depoliticized and marginalized.47 It is suggested by Freeman that womens injuries are often not recognized by public legal culture48 such as in prosecutions which involve Battered Womens Syndrome, and the application of provocation and self defense in evil prosecutions. Olsen suggests the lack of state intervention is itself a political act confirming the status quo and affirming the public private power relations.49 Such powerful discussions of feminist thought applied to legal analysis shows how traditional theories can be persuasively challenged from the feminist perspective to encourage new degrees of awareness and dialogue.Radical identity theoriesRadical feminist thought is voiced by Mackinnon50, claiming the dominant official voice is that of the male. It is suggested that the only significant distinction between the sexes is inequality. It is a patriarchal society where socio legal structures facilitate the entire oppression and exploitation of women by men. Law is viewed to perpetuate the imbalance of power representing a particularly potent source and badge of legitimacy which is systematically geared to enable male domination. Radical theories are controversial as they argue that dominance within power relations is central to accurately voicing the authentic feminist approach.51 Su ch theories can be criticized for being defeatist as it implies that inherent masculinity of the law can not be changed by increasing womens entry into the structures of the legal system or by incorporating female values into its rules and processes.52 Therefore, laws aimed at abolishing discrimination and establishing equality in the study is deemed futile in attempting to realistically alter the status of women. Logically the theory follows, if the law is fundamentally male orientated then its apparent objectivity and equality for all persons is a cruel myth promoting a false consciousness among women who believe they are regarded equally under law. Harris suggests that radical feminist legal theory believes only in the validity of exposing the systematic stereotyping and denigration of women53. Only through the broad methods of conscious raising will true social freedom grow, overcoming patriarchal structures as female self awareness of their own oppression is enhanced.Criticism of radical theoriesIt is important to note such radical feminist legal theories have been ferociously criticized by those of difference and equivalence feminism. For example academics such as Cornell54 specifically attack Mackinnon for conceptualizing female experience as a form of sexually passive voice victimhood. Secondly, Harris55 criticizes radical feminist thought for over generalizing the suggestion that female dominance is the only universal experience encountered by women. Furthermore, is it incorrect to characterize the law as male, since discrimination is not limited to gender. It can apply to race which can affect both men and women. Cornell attacks Mackinnons conclusion that the distinctive female values are simply a social construct formulated within the confines of the male dominated system. Therefore they are not really feminine values per se. Cornell strongly criticizes Mackinnons reclamation of tough language to argue the point that women are degraded for example, in pornography as passive receptacles in intercourse. 56 Cornell believes such militant anti utopianism, is the inevitable expression or her argument that there is only one self-enclosed, self-perpetuating reality for women57 that of male domination. Cornell contends that the sexes are different, and this must be recognized to encourage positive conceptions of sexual difference. She argues it is possible to maintain equality but also remain different and embrace the existence of cleaning lady which is rejected by the radical theorists. Such internal factionalism within the movement of legal feminist thought, it can be suggested reflects negatively on the discipline in terms of promoting a coherent and distinctive approach to the legal field. But such disagreements are ultimately reflective of the extensive nature of feminist thought in tackling the legal field.Cultural feminist theoryIt can be suggested cultural feminist theory, especially exhibited in the work of Gilligan58 has p rovided a distinctive but divisive legal analysis of law. In Gilligans difference feminism, the writer argues constructs of morality are formed at an early age and are crucially gender orientated, thus specific to males and females in different ways. Difference feminism has created an alternative paradigm assessing male and female social structures. Gilligan suggests women focus on an ethics of care instead of the male ethics of justice. An ethics of care is argued to stress the values of

Henri Fayol A Classical Management Administrative Theorist Commerce Essay

Henri Fayol A Classical Management Administrative Theorist doctor EssayClassical approach techniques were founded in the early 1900s and is the foundation of many raw wariness theories. The untarnished approach concentrates solely on the economical and visible stance of an organisation. A classical management technique aims to investigate the operations within an organisation in order to improve efficiency. Henri Fayol is one of many classical management theorists who has created a 14 principle place, some of which included are, that workers are only motivated by money, encouraging a centralised organisation with reduce subordinates and enable authority and responsibility.Furthermore another classical management theorist named Max Weber aimed to reduce bureaucracy using his Bureaucratic Management model which he developed in the late 1800s.Classical management theorists argue that other areas of classical management simply do not exist for role model job enrichment and psych ological needs of an individual. but a Modernist approach may be that a worker does not solely rely on money as a part of their motivation, non-financial methods of motivation are also favoured upon. For example building relationships within an organisation or managing emotions of workers.Organisations are becoming larger in scale and are beginning to operate in a variety of worldwide markets, managing change over and its employees is becoming increasingly difficult therefore having to adapt to unalike management approaches in order to stay competitive, furthermore this leads back to whether the classical/modernist approach is still appropriate to this cartridge holder and age. EssayHenri Fayol a classical management administrative theorist has developed 14 principles which give managers fundamental basic guidelines to follow. Centralisation has always been a favourable approach for organisations in the early 1900s. til now due to the growing scale of organisations today, centr alisation has become less favourable for large organisations, this is because they feel need to supervise and manage its large employee base.Henri Fayols studies show that centralisation should require a balance of centralisation and decentralisation. This balance forfeits change in the classical management era to be communicated effectively and also enables decisions to made from the speed hierarchy.However in modern organisations, various different types of hierarchy structures pile be implemented inorder to suit the occupation needs. For example Flat structure and intercellular substance structure, the flat structure gives employees more decision making responsibility with fewer layers of management from the director to the worker, on the other hand a matrix structure has various management and supervisory layers from top to bottom. To an tip the classical approach for modern organisations has prone a variety of choice of managing employees within an organisation base on their environment and surface. Larger modern organisations may befool a matrix structure inorder to allow them to monitor their employees effectively whereas smaller organisations may adopt a flat structure which enables change to be processed quicker.This to an extent shows the validity of the statement whether a classical approach is no longer desirable to existing organisations and change. Henri Fayols theory on a balanced hierarchy shows importance of a changing hierarchical model.However American modernist named Melville Dalton argued in his management studies that world-beater and decision making can be spread amongst lower ranking employees instead of having managers to make decisions on their behalf in any hierarchy model. the increasing size of modern organizations and the increasing complexity of the problems with which they have to deal makes technically impossible the participation of the rank and file in the making of decisions. (lilt.ilstu.edu, 1998) This quote als o shows that larger organisations find it increasing difficult to implement decisions and change.On the other hand another classical management theorist named Max Weber believed that organisations should have a well-defined hierarchy, a clear division of labour, rules and regulations, impersonal relationships between managers and employees, competence and records. To an extent some of Max Webers theory still exists in 21st hundred management. In modern organisations numerous amounts of rules, regulations and company policies exist which help prevent employees from carrying out unlawful duties internally and consequences relating to those actions.Rules and regulations within an organisation help prevent change from occurring to an extent, an example of this is edict the Data Protection Act 1998 may prevent employees from misplacing sensitive cultivation within the workplace therefore rules and regulations within an organisation to an extent are good practice measures for maintaini ng standardisation.Rules and regulations to an extent also can contribute to significant change within an organisation, for example new health and safety legislation or even employee law.To an extent some these models shows that the fundamental basics have been further developed from classical and modern theorists in order to adapt to business requirements.Furthermore during the 1885 1915 scientific management was developed by Frederick Taylor, sometimes known as the father of scientific management, scientific management was aimed at improving the processes of an organisation. Scientific management theories aimed at improving employee productivity using time and motion studies, for example using larger shovels in order to reduce the amount of cabbage between A and B.Frederick Taylor also found in his studies that non-incentive wage systems allowed lower productivity as workers that are receiving the same wage regardless of the output.Non-incentive wage systems assist low productiv ity if the employee will receive the same pay regardless of how much is produced, assuming the employee can convince the employer that the slow pace really is a good pace for the job. (netmba.com, 2003)this quote also shows that employees tried to dodge the time and motion study in fear that employers will set new time benchmarks.In modern day organisations minimum wage legislation has also been introduced, this therefore limits the productivity of its employees however organisations are now implementing targets and bonus incentive schemes which allow workers to earn above their minimum wage.This shows although scientific management and classical management differ, organisations are trying to adapt to various different management theories which allow them to maximize their performance.On the other hand Simon Herbert who is a modernist questioned intellect within an organisation, as an expert in the administration field Herbert identified areas in which decision makers can align rat ionality and judgement against organisational goals.Simon Herbert has divided rationality into six different areas, some of which are 1.Objectively rational if, in fact, it is the correct behaviour for maximising given values in a given situation. 2. Subjectively rational if it maximises attainment relative to the actual knowledge of the subject and 3. Personally rational if it is oriented to the individuals goals. (Brown, 2011)However although this may be beneficial for decision makers Herbert assumes that decision makers already possess the knowledge required and often dismisses knowledge of their alternatives.Herbert also outlined the human energy of processing as a limitation of rationality and also identified conflicting options for decision makers.To an extent this modernist theory is no longer suitable to modern organisations to-date as it requires decision makers to require knowledge of their alternatives, can contain incomplete information and related consequences to th e decision. However some of Herberts theory on bounded rationality may be more relevant to modern organisations and change as rationality is affected by limited resources to deal with complex decisions, limited information and limited time.netmba.com. (2003).Frederick Taylor Scientific Management. Available http//www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/. Last accessed 25th Oct 2012.Brown, Reva. (2011).Consideration of the origin of Herbert Simons theory of satisficing (1933-1947).Available http//www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0025-1747volume=42issue=10articleid=865543show=html. Last accessed 28th Oct 2012.thethrivingsmallbusiness.com. (2012).7 Advantages to Writing worry Policies and Procedures.Available http//thethrivingsmallbusiness.com/articles/7-advantages-to-writing-business-policies-and-procedures/. Last accessed 19th Oct 2012.lilt.ilstu.edu. (1998).Oligarchic theories.Available http//lilt.ilstu.edu/rrpope/rrpopepwd/articles/bureacracy2.html. Last accessed 19th Oct 2012.

Five Basic Corporate Finance Functions

Five Basic collective pay FunctionsIntroductionUBS AG is a diversified global financial services bon ton, having its main plate at Basel and Zurich, Switzerland. In June 1998, Union marge of Switzerland and Swiss wedge Corporation (SBC) completed the merger proclaimed six months previously. Just two years later, UBS acquired the US brokerage firm Paine Webber, greatly increasing the size and scope of its vocation. Then the new firm set the seal on these achievements by proclaiming a whiz brand. In this light, UBS is two a new institution and new brand.In the picturesque Swiss region of Valposchiavo, for example, maven UBS branch traces its origins as far anchor as 1747. The core components of todays UBS date back to the second half of the nineteenth century. At the same time, its history extends many generations into the past, particularly in Switzerland, the US and the UK. UBS is stratified second worlds biggishst asset manager of private wealth, and is the second-lar gest bank in Europe, in both market capitalisation and profitability. With its major aim in United States UBS has its head keisters located in New York City Weehawken, Private Wealth Management in New Jersey and Stamford, Connecticut for Capital markets, UBSs has its retail offices throughout the U.S., and has its presence in more than 50 countries (www.ubs.com/1/e/ astir(predicate)/history.html).UBS was effect to turn to the Government of Singapore for fresh funding after incurring a huge loss in 2007. After funding, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation became the largest shargonholder of UBS in 2007. UBS managers pledged to return tributees after a salient loss in November 2008. New financial aid was expected from Swiss government after the UBS shareholders voted to oddmentore the shaken trust in UBS (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).Credit Suisse found a new cross-town rival in the form of UBS which has evolved on a similar path. Both of them originated from Sw itzerland indulging in commercial and retail banking who purchased major investment banks in United States and both are being investigated by U.S. authorities currently for helping 17,000 American citizens to suspend taxes. Based on the order by the Swiss Financial Markets Supervisory Authority (FINMA), UBS on 18th February 2009, immediately has agreed to provide the identities of and account information of about 250 American clients to United States and also agreed to pay US$ 780 million in the form of compensation and fines (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).Corporate FinanceModern companies need to raise finance from the capital market in order to invest in the real and intangible assets they need to gather profits. Their first priority is to ensure that they can source finance for both their short run and their long run needs in the almost economical way possible. Corporate investment is by its nature risky and often capital intensive (Ryan, 2007).In order to justify the use of other peoples currency a firm needs to ensure that the investment decisions it makes, taking into account its cost of capital, lead to an overall increase in the value of the firm and and then its investors wealth. Alongside the problem of sourcing finance at the cheapest cost, the firm has to make sure that all the investment decisions it downstairstakes are value adding. If they are not the firm result not be able to justify its existence for very long and will find itself out of business (Ryan, 2007).The ability to trade the financial claims of business ventures has been known about and get alongd for centuries. In the modern era the standardization of financial claims into homogenous trading units has transformed the way markets operate. Until the 1930s companies, for example, borrowed money from banks but following the Wall Street Crash in the United States there was a sudden loss of confidence in the banking sector. As a result, companies started to pr coifise wh at governments had been doing for some time and sidestepped the banks going indicately to lenders and offering them securitized debt in the form of bonds (Ryan, 2007).Although modern financial in stipulationediaries are marvel of efficiency, the role of traditional intermediaries such as banks as providers of debt capital to corporations has declined for decades. Instead, nonfinancial corporations have increasingly turned to capital markets for external financing, principally because the rapidly declining cost of information do bying makes it much easier for large number of investors to obtain and evaluate financial data for thousands of potential corporate borrowers and issuers of common and preferred pack equity (Megginson and Smart, 2006).The Five Basic Corporate Finance functionsAlthough corporate finance is defined generally as the activities involved in managing cash flows (money) in a business environment, a more complete comment would emphasize that the practice of corpo rate finance involves five basic functionsRaising capital to support companies operations and investment programs (the external financing function)Selecting the ruff projects in which to invest firms resources, based on each projects perceived risk and expected return (the capital budgeting function)Managing firms internal cash flows, its working capital, and its mix of debt and equity financing, both to maximise the value of firms debt and equity claims and to ensure that companies can pay off its obligations when due (the financial management function)Developing company-wide ownership and corporate governance structures that force managers to behave ethically and make decisions that benefit shareholders (the corporate governance function) andManaging firms exposures to all types of risk, both insurable and uninsurable, to maintain and optimal risk-return trade-off and therefore maximize shareholder value (the risk-management function).(Source Megginson and Smart, 2006)External f inancingWhen corporations are young and small, they usually must raise equity capital privately, either from friends and family, or from professional investors such as venture capitalists. These professionals specialize in making high-risk/high-return investments in rapidly growing entrepreneurial businesses. Once firms reach a certain size, they may shape to go public by conducting an initial public offering (IPO) of stock-selling shares to outside investors and listing the shares for trading on a stock exchange. After IPOs, companies have the election of raising cash by selling additional stock in the future (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Capital BudgetingThe capital budgeting function represents firms financial managers single most alpha activity, for two reasons. First, managers evaluate very large investments in the capital budgeting process. Second, companies can prosper in a competitive economy only be seeking out the most promising new products, processes, and services to de liver to customers. Companies such as Intel, General Electric, Shell, Samsung, and Toyota regularly make huge capital outlays. The capital budgeting process breaks down into three stepsIdentifying potential investmentsAnalysing the set of investment opportunities and identifying those that create shareholder value andImplementing and monitoring the investments(Source Megginson and Smart, 2006)Risk ManagementHistorically, risk management has identify the un foreseeable act of nature risks (fire, flood, collision, and other property damage) to which firms was exposed and has used insurance products or self-insurance to manage those exposures. Todays risk-management function identifies, measures, and manages many more types of risk exposures, including predictable business risks. These exposures include losses that could result from adverse interest rate movements, commodity price changes, and currency value fluctuations. The techniques for managing such risks are among the most advan ce(a) of all corporate finance practices. The risk-management task attempts to quantify the sources and magnitudes of firms risk exposure and to decide whether to simply accept these risks or to manage them (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Corporate Governance new-made corporate scandals-such as financial collapses at Enron, Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, and Parmalat-clearly show that establishing good corporate governance systems is par hail. Governance systems determine who benefits most from company activities then they establish procedures to maximize firm value and to ensure that employees act ethically and responsibly. Good management does not develop in a vacuum. It results from corporate governance systems that hires and promotes qualified, honest people, and that actuate employees to achieve company goals through salary and other incentives (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Developing corporate governance systems present quite a challenge in practice because conflicts inescapably arise among stockholders, managers, and other stakeholders interests. But rarely is it in the interest of any individual stockholder to spend the time and money needed to ensure that managers act appropriately. If individual stockholders conducted this type of oversight, they would personally bear all the costs of monitoring management, but would share the benefits with all other shareholders. This is a classic example of the collective action problem that arises in most relationship between stockholders and managers (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Bankruptcy and Corporate Financing PatternsThe more debt a firm uses in its capital structure, the less(prenominal) likely the firm will be able to meet its debt service obligations, and the more likely default will occur (Benning and Sarig, p.347). It is this default likelihood that introduces bankruptcy costs into capital structure. As argued by Van Horne (p.268), the presence of bankruptcy costs is an important source of continuous tenseion i n the markets for corporate funds. Under imperfect conditions, there are the administrative costs of bankruptcy, and assets may have to be liquidated at less than their economic values (Bekter, p. 56). It is also this tendency that Myers (p.218) describes as the direct cost of bankruptcy. The implication of the presence of bankruptcy cost in financial leverage is manifested more by the fact that debt-financing generates risks. Not only that, but it has been argued that for typeface that every financing decision comes with some risk implications on the value of the firm (Glen and Pinto, 1994).The largest bankruptcy in U.S. history was finally coming to an end. On April 20, 2004, MCI, Inc. Emerged with an annunciation that it had begun distributing securities and cash to its creditors according to a court-approved reorganization plan. MCIs chief executive incumbent, Michael Capellas, heralded a new beginning for his company, which had filed for bankruptcy court protection twenty-one months earlier-when the company was called WorldCom-after disclosing and $11 meg accounting fraud. At the time of its Chapter 11 filing, WorldCom had assets totalling nearly $104 meg and debts of $32 billion (Megginson and Smart, 2006).WorldCom shocked the business world when the company announced in June 2002 that it had fraudulently overstated $3.9 billion of expenses as capital expenditures, which had allowed it to book higher profits during the telecom boom years of 1998-2001. WorldCom chief financial officer Scott Sullivan was fired the day the accounting fraud was disclosed, and his exit followed that of founder and long-time CEO, Bernine Ebbers, who had been forced out in April 2002. Over the next two years, more than $7 billion in additional accounting errors and frauds were uncovered,, bringing the total misstatements to $11 billion, and in a March 2004 restatement of its 2001 and 2002 financial results, the company wrote off over $74 billion in previously booked profits and goodwill (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Corporate Control TransactionsChanges in corporate control occur through several mechanisms, most notably via acquisitions. An acquisition is the purchase of additional resources by a business enterprise. These resources may come from the purchase of new assets, the purchase of some of the assets of another company, or the purchase of another whole business entity, which is known as a merger. Merger is itself a general term applied to a transaction in which two or more business organizations combine into a single entity. Oftentimes, however, the term merger s reserved for a transaction in which one corporation takes over another upon the approval of both companies boards of directors and shareholders after a friendly and mutually agreeable set of terms and conditions and a price are negotiated (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Statuary MergerA statutory merger is a form of target integration in which the acquirer can absorb the targets resources d irectly with no remaining trace of the target as a separate entity. Many intrastate bank mergers are of this form.Subsidiary MergerConversely, an acquirer may deal to maintain the identity of the target as either a separate subsidiary or division. A subsidiary merger is often the integration fomite when there is brand value in the name of the target, such as the case of PepsiCos merger with Pizza Hut in 1997. Sometimes, separate tracking or target shares are issued in the subsidiarys name. Sometimes, these shares are issued as new common shares in exchange for the targets common shares, as occurred when General Motors issued new Class E and Class H shares to acquire, respectively, Electronic Data Systems and Hughes Electronics during the 1980s. Alternatively, a new class of preferred stock may be issued by the bidding firm to commute the common shares of the target as well (Megginson and Smart, 2006).ConsolidationConsolidation is another integrative form used to effect a merger of two in public traded companies. Under this form, both the acquirer and target disappear as separate corporations and combine to form an entirely new corporation with new common stock (Megginson and Smart, 2006).Dealing with the CrisisThe merger of the Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation in June 1998 resulted in UBS evolution. The new company was named originally as Union Bank of Switzerland, but officials chose to call it as UBS as the name was clashing with United Bank Switzerland a subsidiary part of the United Bank Limited, Switzerland. United Bank of Switzerland is no longer known for its name as it made its brand name UBS like 3M. The carried over logo from SBC, which stands for confidence, security and discretion has remained with UBS.With its acquisitions of Dillon Read in New York and S. G. Warburg in London, SBC had investment banking business all over the world before the merger. Due to the Long-Term Capital Management crisis, in October 1998, the f irst hot seat of the merged bank resigned which affected the Union Bank of Switzerland. After the acquisition of Paine Webber Group Inc. by UBS in 2000, it became the largest private clients wealth management company in the world. A CHF 3.265 trillion assets was invested in wealth management businesses, including the U.S. As the company began to operate as one large firm, all the business group of UBS were rebranded under the UNBS name on the 9th June 2003. All major companies bought by Union Bank of Switzerland like UBS Paine Webber, UBS Warburg, UBS Asset Management and others were just called UBS. With the retirement of the Paine Webber brand UBS took a US$1 billion write-down for the loss of good will associated with as a result of the rebranding (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).In a level released on 01st April 2008, 15 billion Swiss francs (US$15.1 billion) in a new capital was seeked by Swiss bank UBS AG as it expected to stigmatize net losses of 12 billion Swiss franc s (US$12.1 billion) for the first quarter of 2008. Approximately US$19 billion on U.S. real estate and link up credit positions were expected to write-down as UBS was hit by U.S. Subprime mortgage crisis and losses. Fitch Ratings and Standard Poors, and Moody are cut down the long term credit rating of UBS in April 2008 to AA and Aa1 respectively. A new capital of CHF 6 billion through mandatory convertible notes was announced by UBS which they had on the sixteenth October 2008, and was place with Swiss Confederation. Transfer agreement of approximately USD 60 billion currently illiquid securities and various assets from UBS to a separate fund entity were made between the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and UBS (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).The third quarter Group net profit was announced by UBS on 4th November which was in line with their 16th October pre announcement, CHF 296 million standing with net profit attributable to UBS shareholders. A further CHF 4.8 billion of write-d owns and losses on risk positions affected that quarter in gain on tax credit of over CHF 900 million and own credit of CHF 2.2 million. In an announcement made on the 12th November 2008, UBS state that from 2009 there will be no more than one-third of any cash bonus paid out in year it is earned with the rest held in reserve. Top executives will have to hold 75% of any vested shares incentives would also vest after three years on shares with share bonus accounts subject to malus charges. US$6 billion of equity was put into the new bad bank entity by UBS in November 2008 a benefit survival of the fittest was kept only if the value of its assets were to recover. UBS structure guaranteed clarity for UBS investors by making an outright sale, which was indicated as a neat package by the New York propagation (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).The head of the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and Chairman Jean-Pierre Roth on Friday the 30th January 2009 was quoted on Reuters as saying that th e two best capitalised banks in the world are UBS and Credit Suisse. In an announcement made on the 09th February 2009 by UBS, said that it lost nearly 20 billion Swiss francs (US$17.2 billion) in 2008, which is the single-year biggest loss in the history of Switzerland. The commitment to each of the UBS business divisions and strategy were confirmed by UBS Board of Directors and the Group Executive Board on the 10th February 2009. Investigations relating to UBS U.S. cross-border business are getting resolved by entering into a deferred prosecution agreement with the US Department of Justice and a approve Order with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. US$380 million represents disgorgement of profits from its cross-border business out of US$780 million which UBS agreed to pay. And the remaining represents the tax amount of United States which UBS failed to withhold to the accounts. The interest, penalties and restitution for unpaid taxes are included in the figures. UBS also entered into an agreement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of the deal in which it agreed to the charges of having acted as an unregistered broker-dealer and investment adviser for Americans (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).Initiative takenCHF 20.9 billion (US$ 18 billion) loss was posted by UBS AG on the 11th march 2009 which was stated in their revised FY 2008 report. It was said that UBS was extremely cautious about the outlook of 2009. UBS announced in its annual General Meeting held on 15th April 2009, it has plans of cutting 8,700 origins in its return to profitability. UBS had to make about US$50 billion in write-downs and announce of 11,000 job cuts since 2007 due to the global financial crisis. UBS agreed to sell its Brazilian financial service business, UBS Pactual, to BTG Investments for approximately USD 2.5 billion in a statement made on the April 21st 2009. UBS was aiming to reduce its risk profile and to become more profitable by the sale of the Brazilian business. U.S. federal grand jury charges were made on private banker Raoul Weil for which UBS formally cut all its ties on the 1st May 2009. Raoul had been suspended in November 2008 after he was indicated in correlation to the tax equivocation affair. A first quarter net loss of two billion Swiss francs (USD1.75 billion) was confirmed by UBS on May twentieth 2009 which was less than initially expected. UBS restated its 2008 annual report on the May 20th 2009. A further reduction in the net profit was announced by the bank of CHF 450 million, and CHF 269 million in reduction of equity and equity attributable to UBS shareholders (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).UBS strengthened its capital base by placing 293.3 million shares from existing authorize capital by taking the advantage of current market conditions. A small number of large institutional investors were placed with the shares. In the view of the regulators it was consonant that this capital raising aims at strengthening confidence in UBS and the Swiss financial centre which is claimed by UBS. The second quarter loss of CHF 1.4 billion (US$1.32 billion) was inform on the 4th August 2009. The Swiss government made a statement of selling its CHF 6 billion stake in UBS on the 20th August 2009, making significant profit the mandatory convertible notes of 332.2 million which it had purchased in 2008 to help UBS clear its balance sheets of toxic assets (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html).In the Lundquist CSR Online Awards 2009, UBS ranked No.1 in Switzerland and No. 2 globally in November 2009. The award is given for demonstrating best online CSR communications.

Cuba Essay -- essays papers

CubaCuba has been under a dictator named Fidel Castro since 1959 when his army took over the communist party that was running the coun exploit. Cubas briny source of economic growth comes from agriculture and exports to and from Europe. Since America has had an embargo on Cuba since 1962 neither countries trade with each other because of many disagreements about governing techniques and Fidels involuntariness to comply with U.S. instructions. Cubas long history and culture has contributed to many economic and social growth through out the world, but Cuba is still struggling to try to stable their economy.Cuba is located by the Atlantic Ocean, and is directly located in the Carribean Sea. It is South of the tropic of Cancer and is on the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. Jamaica and Florida are Cubas closest neighbors. Cuba is an island with irregular coastlines and many bays. Three quarters of the continent are flat plains, but there are rugged cliffs and coral reefs where many forei gners perish to see. Swamps and mangroves also are included in the plethora of Cubas surface features. The highest mountain in Cuba is in Guantanamo bay and it is called Sierra Maestra, there are trine other large mountains, but the Sierra Maetra is the most significant of them all. Cubas capital is Havana and Cubas national language is Spanish. Cuba is made up of fourteen provinces. Each province pays taxes to Fidel Castro. The major cash crops are sugarcane, tobacco, rice, co...

3 Lessons Learned Bird Sings :: essays research papers

Many people in the world have shake ups. Lie marguerite there are many who have troubles. though we always get saved by our elders and without them we would be scrap metal, but like most elders, Mrs. Flower in the book &8220I know wherefore the Caged Bird Sings, help out this troubled person by teaching her 3 lessons about way of life. The troubled person Marguerite has a trouble that she can&8217t speak because she got assaulted 5 years ago. It is awful that a stranger raped a young person at age 8. Marguerite has to have felt real bad and got a shock, and also because of the assault she hasn&8217t spoken for 5 years. What kinds of agonists does she have? What would people think about her? plainly because Mrs. Flower taught her why to speak, it looks like she is finally going to speak again like most people. Also because of the assault Marguerite has doesn&8217t done 2 other things in her life, one of them were to tolerate people. She probably never tolerated strangers even t hough it never said. How would a person have any friends if they can&8217t tolerate any stranger. She is being very mean, you could say to a person who wants to be her friend. But of course she won&8217t let him/her be her friend because she can&8217t tolerate any stranger. It is not right to take out your anger on somebody else, but we all understand why. The third thing that the assault had changed her life with was &8220mother wit. Mother wit is common sense. Marguerite of course did not have any common sense because she never used to talk. But if she had talked, she first would not have learned any lesson from Mrs. Flower, because each of them tie in to each other. An other person who wasn&8217t very good at teaching this common sense was her granny. She always used to harass her.

The United States vs. Mexico Essay -- essays papers

The United States vs. MexicoAfter an eleven-year war to free itself from Spanish colonial control, Mexico had won but in a understanding lost greatly. In 1821, she had to begin the long struggle to rebuild an economic, social, and political stability for the huge mass it now controlled. This area included present twenty-four hour period Mexico and what is now known as Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California and part of Colorado.The new republic became submerged in a system of institutionalized disorderthat propelled it from crisis to crisis. thus the process of state-building in nineteenth-century Mexico remained incomplete when the United States confronted the young republic with war in 1846. ( Santoni,p.1)The growing United States colonial elite, in a lam for land had developed an expansionist fever, which grew them greedy for land. For expansion was so rationionalized that it seemed at the outset a right, and soon, long before the famous phrase itself coined, a apparent destiny(Weinberg pg.12). They had killed/ drove millions of native from their lands as a result of this fever. As was a apparent with the actions of Henry Harrison years before the war, his tactics were simple take out them drunk and promise the chiefs annuities if they signed in his heart Harrison believed in the concept that another age would describe as Manifest Destiny (Leckie pg.153)This phrase to which wall painting ideology was the partner of self- interest in the intimate alli...